Into Unscientific Chapter 719

 At this moment.

  Feeling the microphone in his hand, Xu Yun's expression was vaguely sentimental.

To be honest.

 Although he had relatively detailed ideas about the planning of the [Red Bank] base a long time ago, these ideas mainly focused on the functions of the base, or the content of the project.

 In other words, he established a black hole observation project at the base, arranged for some people to observe and collect data for a long time, and then did not interfere too much.

As for when the results can be derived, he was not prepared to intervene in advance.

It's possible that rabbits will be able to detect gravitational waves within a decade.

It is possible that even in ten years' time, black hole entropy and Bekenstein's upper limit will not be deduced, and all results will depend on the ability of researchers.

 The result was unexpected.

Yang Zhenning actually asked Xu Yun for evidence of the value of black hole research. Therefore, Xu Yun had no choice but to use the trump card of black hole entropy.

no way.

  After all, later generations have not achieved much concrete results in black holes, only a few phenomena and theorems.

 And in this way, he is equivalent to taking away Mr. Hawking's job.

 It is well known.

 Throughout the history of human physics, many well-known physicists have been born.

Some of these physicists are low-key and unassuming, and they only know how to conduct experiments on weekdays.

 The typical representative of this part is Cavendish, who spends all day in the laboratory and ignores what is going on outside the window.

Some people have eccentric personalities and talk about a lot of topics.

 For example, Landau, who claims to be the last all-powerful physicist in the world, likes to score everything.

He has to rate when he sees a girl, he has to rate when he sees a man, he even has to rate the quality of **** - and he also writes these things in a diary.

 Another example is the famous Richard Feynman.

This thief likes to go to Giannuni's shop to watch stripteases, and then order a glass of orange juice to calculate physics problems while watching the stripteases.

 Among these highly topical physicists, Stephen William Hawking can undoubtedly be ranked among the top.

However, his topicality is not because of his character, but because of his experience - Hawking's story will not be repeated here. The story of his ALS has long been recorded in Chinese textbooks.

 Mentioned earlier.

 Stephen William Hawking's main contribution was more in the field of science popularization. When he passed away in later generations, due to various marketing accounts, his academic status was indeed elevated.

But on the other hand.

Hawking's academic achievements are still very solid—just not at the first-class level.

His main academic achievements lie in two aspects, one is the big bang singularity theory, and the other is Hawking's black hole evaporation theory.

 The latter includes black hole radiation, black hole entropy and other results mentioned by Xu Yun or derived by Yang Zhenning.

As a result, it is difficult to say what Hawking's future direction will be.

He is not like Weinberg and Gelman across the sea. In a sense, their achievements can be regarded as intercepted by Xu Yun, but Xu Yun is sure that the future of these two big guys will be different. Achievements will be higher.

As for Hawking, his academic path is relatively “narrow”—he only studies astrophysics, or theoretical astrophysical physics to be precise.

 He ​​is a bit similar to Roentgen who was X-rayed by Xu Yun Tauren in the 1850 copy. Xu Yun was in a situation where he didn't know what the trend would be.

However, Hawking's mathematical foundation is still very strong, so there should be no need to worry too much about him being forgotten by everyone.

in addition

After the dungeon ends, Xu Yun will use an invitation letter to meet Hawking. In a sense, it is regarded as fulfilling Hawking's last wish. Therefore, although he is not apologetic about what Hawking said with such a big face, at least both parties are paying. The price can be regarded as equal.

Of course.

 Xu Yun still has some micro-manipulations regarding the invitation letter, which I will not list here for the time being.

all in all.

With the derivation of black hole entropy and black hole radiation, there is no problem in the rationale for the establishment of black hole observation projects.

 “Xiao Xu.”

Then Yang Zhenning thought for a while and asked Xu Yun:

“According to your expectations, what are the specific testing equipment for the black hole project at the [Red Bank] base?”

 It's a coincidence.

Although Xu Yun is not a practitioner in astrophysics, his good friend Zhang Heguang, who is a PhD candidate at the Galaxy Cosmology Laboratory of the USTC and Xu Yun's original plan to arrange for the God King, once introduced many things to him. Information on black hole research.

So he quickly retrieved that part of the memory without much effort:

“The first thing is definitely the radio telescope, which conducts observations in multiple wavebands from X-ray to Gammray. This is also the theoretical main force in black hole observation.”

“The second is the assistance of gravitational wave detectors, as well as radio waves, event horizon telescopes, etc.”

Every student who was a black hole in his previous life should know this.

The black hole itself cannot be directly observed because its gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape, so it does not emit light.

However, according to the gravitational effect of the black hole and the movement of the surrounding matter, physicists can infer the existence and properties of the black hole by observing the matter and phenomena around the black hole.

For example, you can observe the orbits of stars in galaxies. The strong gravity of black holes will affect the orbits of stars. Therefore, the existence and mass of black holes can be inferred by observing the orbits of stars.

  Another example is measuring the material accretion disk in the galaxy - after the material is attracted by the black hole, it will form a material accretion disk that rotates around the black hole.

This accretion disk emits strong electromagnetic radiation, and the existence and properties of the black hole can be inferred by observing these radiations.

The other is methods such as gravitational lensing and gravitational waves. Other methods are conjectures that are unlikely to be realized in the short term.

Yang Zhenning briefly analyzed Xu Yun's plans in his mind, nodded slightly and said at the same time:

“So Xiao Xu, what about the last study on the cosmic microwave background radiation? Does this have anything to say?”

be honest.

Things have reached the current stage. Four of the five major projects mentioned by Xu Yun have already met the need for project approval. Therefore, the completion of the Hong'an Base is no problem at least for Yang Zhenning.

However, Yang Zhenning has already become interested in Xu Yun, so he wants to see if this Comrade Donkey, whom he has never met before, can come up with something novel.

“Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation”

Xu Yun repeated the word with some emotion:

“The study of this concept can be regarded as a thorough study.”

Yang Zhenning blinked:

 “Get the whole story?”

 “That's right.”

Xu Yun nodded, took a deep breath, and explained to Yang Zhenning:

“Mr. Yang, to put it bluntly, this is a study that I think has both an upper limit and a lower limit.”

“The so-called lower limit refers to the so-called guarantee, which is the result that can definitely show value - this can be clearly reflected in the field of communication technology and applied in our lives.”

“As for the upper limit, I'm not sure. It may promote astrophysics, or it may affect thermodynamics.”

“If we are really European, ahem, if we are lucky, we might discover the secrets of the early universe at once.”

 In 2019, when Xu Yun traveled through time.

The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to James Peebles, one of the founders of the thermal Big Bang theory of the universe. More importantly, he predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation.

 According to the current mainstream theory.

 The universe is a fireball that exploded 13 billion years ago. At the beginning, it was composed of light, neutrons, electrons and protons, with a small volume, low density, and high temperature.

Because the temperature is too high, photons have extremely high energy and can easily break atomic nuclei, so there is no matter at that time, only a bunch of material components and light.

over time. The fireball continues to expand, and its density and temperature are decreasing. When the temperature drops to 10 billion Kelvin, the photon energy drops to the point where it can no longer break the atomic nucleus.

 Neutrons, protons, and electrons begin to combine to form matter.

 Hydrogen and helium, the most abundant elements in the universe, were produced at this time. Other elements were later produced in nuclear fusion reactions inside stars.

It is also at this time that light is no longer bound and can travel freely through the universe.

 This time point is 380,000 years after the birth of the universe.

This ancient light has experienced 13 billion years and been stretched by the expansion of the universe, forming microwave band light that spreads evenly in all directions, and finally reaches the earth.

 This is the cosmic microwave background radiation.

 Its actual temperature is close to the black body radiation of 2.7K, so it is also commonly called 3K background radiation.

 The discovery and observation of this radiation is one of the major milestones in the history of cosmology and one of the important evidences of cosmology theory.

 Its research plays an important role in in-depth understanding of the evolutionary history of the universe and the refined testing and verification of cosmological models.

In the later generations of Xu Yun's time travel, cosmic microwave background radiation has become a standard subject.

  The Chinese name is cosmic microwave background radiation science, and the English name is cosmic microwave background studies, abbreviated as CMB, which only differs from a certain colloquialism by the letter N.

  The value of the cosmic microwave background radiation is, as Xu Yun said, a project with a lower limit.

 Many communication achievements in later generations originated from CMB's research. For example, the far-leading CN117119540A technology used CMB's related achievements.

 As for its upper limit, it is very high.

It is possible to change the thickness of astrophysics textbooks, it is possible for thermodynamics professors to teach more lectures, and it is possible to give birth to several Nobel Prizes in physics.

Its upper limit is like a player who has just debuted and has unlimited potential. He may grow to the level of Melo, or he may be Royce Muller. The specifics can only depend on his own efforts and luck.

 It is true.

Although the CMB cannot detect events before the formation of the universe 380,000 years ago, the problem is that the events earlier have been responsible for the primordial gravitational wave project - the primordial gravitational wave contains the physics of the inflation period, which is 10^-30 seconds after the birth of the universe. information.

CMB studies the first light born in the universe, and the significance of this part is equally extraordinary.

  Give another example.

For example, if you buy a rough house that has just been put on sale, the work of laying the foundation and building the building before closing the house is equivalent to the skyrocketing period of the universe. In this part, there are house closing reports and construction site execution records that can be queried, and you, as the homeowner, , what we have to consider now is how to decorate this house and how to start living in the future - this part is the scope of CMB.

Without an acceptance report (without understanding the original gravitational waves), no one would dare to buy this house. Without decoration (without research on CMB), subsequent move-in would be impossible.

 Both are important and one cannot exist without the other, but they do not conflict with each other.

 “Communication technology?”

Hearing the word Xu Yun said, Yang Zhenning couldn't help but frowned in confusion:

“Xiao Xu, now that transoceanic phone calls are possible, is this technology that important?”

Xu Yun smiled:

“Of course, this technology may become the lifeblood of the country in a few decades.”

  I don't know if it's due to the large professional discrepancy.

 Yang Zhenning, who was ranked among the top in theoretical physics at the time, had relatively obvious errors in his judgment of communication technology - this was a situation that existed in history.

In 1975, he had a chat with Robert Kahn, the developer of the TCP/IP protocol. At that time, he expressed a less optimistic view of communication technology.

Although the concept of satellite communication had already appeared at that time, he believed that the universe was so big that it was "not a resource area that needed to be fought over, and no one would compete for the starlight above their heads".

Of course.

The reason why Yang Zhenning made this judgment is largely because his political sensitivity is still a bit low - otherwise he would not have returned to visit China in 1971.

In addition, Yang Zhenning has personally experienced the release of overseas students across the sea. At that time, even top scholars like Lu Guangda and Qian Wushi were under house arrest and persecution at most, and did not reach the level of killing. You say this is because the other side of the sea still has a conscience. Regardless of whether he cares about face or does not regard the rabbits as opponents, in short, it is not that extreme based on the established facts.

This kind of mentality fell on relatively primitive communication technology, which gave Yang Zhenning a misunderstanding that "this thing has no competitive value."

However, the subsequent development of facts proved that this physics boss did make a misjudgment in the communication area.

  Communication technology is already the main battlefield where rabbits compete with China in 2023. Under the implementation of strategies such as Starlink across the sea, the satellite orbits overhead are almost as crowded as the old alleys of the Magic City in the 1970s.

 Fortunately, Chen Ning Yang did not add any tendentious opinions, otherwise this matter will probably become one of the weapons used by black fans to criticize him in future generations.

At the same time, considering that it was difficult to convince Yang Zhenning through words, Xu Yun did not waste too much time on this matter.

  Time will prove everything.

Xu Yun then took a deep breath and looked at the clock on the wall again:

“Well, Mr. Yang, I believe you should have the opportunity to judge for yourself the value of communication technology in the future.”

“So let's bring the topic back to the original point. Do you still have any questions about the logic of the Hong'an Base project?”

Yang Zhenning frowned slightly.

The reason that made him frown was not Xu Yun's words, but the subtle emotion he felt from Xu Yun's words.

It was like a passer-by who went to the store to buy cigarettes. While paying, he chatted happily with the boss for a while, and then he was about to leave the store and continue on his way.

 Strange. How could I have such strange thoughts.

So Yang Zhenning quickly shook his head and threw this inexplicable thought behind him:

 “Xiao Xu, I have no problem, just the project approval documents for this project.”

“Don't worry about the project approval documents.”

Xu Yun smiled confidently and explained:

“All the leaders in the organization already know about this matter. If nothing else happens, they will mention this matter when you go to the capital to chat with the big leaders.”

“As for the project funding and planning, the construction area of ​​the Hong'an base may be relatively large. I estimate that construction should start in the middle of this year and the basic construction will be completed in one to one and a half years.”

“Of course, this is just my personal theoretical guess. The specific execution time and efficiency must be based on reality.”

“If we follow 21 ahem and follow the progress of some previous projects, this time may be faster.”

Yang Zhenning nodded in understanding and said:

“Understood, by the way, Comrade Xiao Xu, are you also in the capital now?”

 It's a coincidence.

 At this time, the phone signal suddenly fluctuated slightly, so Xu Yun's answer sounded a bit ethereal to Yang Zhenning:

"I am not in the capital. I think you will know the specific situation in a while."

Yang Zhenning opened his mouth when he heard this, and subconsciously wanted to ask when he could see Xu Yun - his curiosity about Xu Yun became more and more intense.

However, in the end he restrained the urge. After all, he had not passed the review yet, and asking this question would inevitably lead to no results:

“Okay, Xiao Xu, in that case, I hope we can meet one day.”

“No matter how in-depth the communication on the phone is, it is not as satisfying as having a cup of tea and chatting face to face.”

Xu Yun, who was on the other end of the phone, was silent for a few seconds:

 “There will be a chance, Mr. Yang.”

Yang Zhenning nodded. The long exchange and calculation made him subconsciously yawn:

“Xiao Xu, it's already time now, it's almost half past twelve.”

“Besides, we've almost finished what we should talk about. Why don't we just stop here for today?”

Xu Yun has no objection to this:

"no problem."

 “Okay, I'll hang up now. Goodbye.”

".goodbye."

Note:

It's the last few days at the end of the month. Let's all vote for the month. It's expired if you don't vote. The 150,000 words promised this month have been achieved, and many of the days are still 78,000-word chapters.

Chapter end