Into Unscientific Chapter 276

   "Are you looking for Professor Faraday?"

  In the Academic Affairs Hall.

  The girl looked Xu Yun up and down, picked up a schedule from the table, turned it over a few times, and said:

   "Professor Faraday is here, but he will have an appointment in ten minutes, so I'm afraid."

  Xu Yun glanced at the form on the table, thought for a moment, and asked:

   "Student, how long will Faraday and the guest talk?"

  The girl reacted very quickly this time, she spread her hands neatly, shook her head and said:

   "I can't say for sure. It may be half an hour, it may be an hour, or it may be at night. Who can say for sure?"

  Xu Yun frowned suddenly.

  There is neither telephone nor WeChat these days. At least there is a telegraph machine for long-distance communication, but short-distance communication is very troublesome.

  Especially a contemporary physics king like Faraday, who is as busy as the top card in the clubhouse, and it is easy to get rejected.

   Then Xu Yun coughed lightly, and was about to ask Faraday if he was free tomorrow, when suddenly there was a light hey from behind:

   "Student Luo Feng? Why are you here?"

  Xu Yun turned his head and found that there were two people who had met before standing behind him:

  William Edward Weber, and his assistant Kirchhoff.

   An electrical unit, the root of all evil in the laws of electrical circuits.

   "Good afternoon, Professor Weber, Mr. Kirchhoff."

  Xu Yun stretched out his hand first, and greeted the two of them politely. After speaking, he suddenly thought of something:

   "Professor Weber, is it you that Mr. Faraday is going to see you later?"

  Weber blinked, and quickly understood the meaning of Xu Yun's words:

   "I have an appointment with Michael to talk about something in the afternoon. What, you have something to do with him?"

  Xu Yun nodded quickly and said:

   "I do have something I want to talk to Mr. Faraday."

  Both 'talk' and 'chat' in English are 'talk', and there is no difference in semantics.

  So Weber didn't realize that Xu Yun was actually putting Faraday on an equal footing when he said these words.

  He thought that Xu Yun just wanted to ask Faraday for some problems in his studies, so he waved his hand and said:

   "In this case, student Luo Feng, you can go there with me, Michael has a deep impression on you."

  Xu Yun was overjoyed immediately, and took the initiative to walk to the other side of Weber, thanking him:

   "Then thank you, Professor Weber."

   Wei Bo smiled and waved his hands, turned around, and asked the round-faced girl:

   "This classmate, where is Michael's office?"

  The round-faced girl was originally looking at Xu Yun with curious eyes, and seemed a little surprised that Xu Yun could strike up a conversation with Weber, so she quickly pointed to her right hand:

   "Mr. Weber, Professor Faraday's office is in Room 103. You can see it when you walk straight from here to the end."

  Weber thanked her and led Xu Yun and Kirchhoff to the right.

   After half a minute.

  The three came outside an office.

  The door of this office is a little wider than other rooms, and the height is also a little higher, which shows the extraordinary status of its owner.

  But there is no portrait at the door of this office, but a small sign with a name on it:

  Michael Faraday.

   Then Weber stepped forward and knocked on the door, and said:

   "Michael, it's me."

   Less than a moment.

   Faraday's voice came from inside the house:

   "Come in, the door is unlocked."

  Seeing that Weber turned the doorknob, he led Xu Yun and Kirchhoff through the door.

  The light in the room was very bright, and Xu Yun cleared the situation at a glance:

  The area of ​​this office is about fifty or sixty square meters. It is furnished with hangers, sofas, fireplaces and other facilities, and there is a desk in the center.

  Faraday was sitting at the desk at this time, with a blindfold magnifying glass on one eye, as if he was tinkering with something.

   "Good afternoon, Edward."

  Faraday and Weber are old acquaintances, so he simply nodded to Weber, and then set his sights on Xu Yun behind him:

   "Huh? Student Luo Feng?"

   Weber took off his coat, handed it to Kirchhoff to hang on the hanger, nodded and said:

   "Well, I met Luo Feng when I came here, and I just heard that he had something to ask for you, so I brought him here along the way."

   After speaking, he glanced at Faraday curiously:

   "Michael, what are you doing?"

  Lafardie picked up the half-cut piece of paper from the table, shook it gently at Weber, and sighed:

   "Repairing the bookmark that Mr. David gave me back then, hey, it has been more than 30 years now, and the book broke in two as soon as I opened it today."

  Hearing the name David, Xu Yun's expression moved slightly.

  David in Faraday's mouth should refer to Humphrey David, the founder of electrochemistry, and the most important nobleman in Faraday's life.

   It was David who saw Faraday's letter and recruited him to the research institution Royal Academy as an assistant, which officially opened the magnificent chapter of Faraday's life.

   Now that David has passed away for 20 years, the bookmark he gave is very precious to Faraday.

   But judging by the broken state of the bookmark, it is estimated that it is impossible to repair it.

   Sometimes life is like this, and some accidents come without warning.

  It's like a certain neon character who was shot in the public, was shot in the back, bled all over the place, and lost his vital signs under the watchful eyes of two women beside him.

Of course.

  Here we are talking about Olga Itzka, the leader of Tekkadan in the neon anime "Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans", don't be malicious.

  It's a pity that there were no Japanese food in London in 1850, otherwise you can find a shop to have a meal or something.

  The line of sight returns to reality.

   After entering the house.

  Weber first signaled Kirchhoff to close the door, then took out a stack of documents from the briefcase, and handed it to Faraday:

   "Michael, here are some experimental data on open-current circuits, all here."

   "However, I have been studying Luo Feng's optical experiments for the past few days, so I have added some my own guesses to this data. Anyway, you should take a look first."

  Faraday took the document with both hands and flipped through it on the spot.

   Just started.

  Faraday's expression is still a little casual, and he will turn a page in about twenty seconds.

   But soon.

   When he saw a certain part of it, his gaze was fixed.

ten minutes later.

  He put down the file, looked at Weber seriously, and asked:

   "Edward, is this true?"

  Weber nodded heavily, looked at Xu Yun beside him, and said:

   "It's true, Michael."

   "Inspired by Luo Feng's determination of the speed of light and the photoelectric effect, Newman and I calculated the ratio of the electromagnetic unit to the electrostatic unit in the past two days."

   "Finally Found."

   "Their ratio is a fixed value!"

   Hear this.

  Xu Yun, whose face was full of 'beautiful.JPG', showed no fluctuations in expression, but his hands on his knees tightened slightly.

   The ratio of electromagnetic units to electrostatic units is constant.

   This is a knowledge point in the electrodynamic effect, which was determined by Weber and Rudolf Kohlrausch in 1856.

  It is also a very unpopular concept, but it will almost change the course of human history.

   On the surface.

   This ratio unifies the units of measurement of electricity and magnetism, which can be regarded as laying the foundation for measurement initially, and later extended the potential for delay.

   It seems ordinary and simple, right?

But in fact.

  This fixed value is not other numbers, but 3X10^8.

   That's right, the speed of light!

   In other words.

  If Weber conducted further research, he would have discovered and calculated the speed of electromagnetic waves before wheat.

   This is not over yet.

   More critically.

  Based on this, Weber proposed a dimension called limit velocity within the framework of the electrodynamic effect, and it still holds true even when the electric charge is expanded into an entity.

  This is actually the prototype of early quantum entanglement, that is, the ghost at a distance that haunted Einstein until his death.

  Einstein fought against the Copenhagen School because of this, and it also triggered the EPR paradox, the biggest mistake that the old love made in his life.

Unfortunately.

  Weber neither researched deeper than the speed of light, nor did he think about the super-distance.

  So in the end, the ratio of the electromagnetic unit to the electrostatic unit is in a somewhat embarrassing situation in later generations:

  It is a knowledge point that must be mentioned in the electrodynamic effect, but it is nothing more than that.

Incidentally.

   Weber's misfortune didn't stop there -- it was much more than that.

   In later generations of physics, Weber is the unit of magnetic flux, and the unit of current is the ampere.

   But actually.

  In 1840, Weber used the principle of tangent galvanometer to give the absolute unit of current.

  So the electricians at that time used "Weber" to describe the current, and the spread was very wide.

  But using Weber for magnetic flux and current at the same time can easily lead to some conceptual and calculation errors, which is obviously not suitable.

  So at the International Electrical Congress in 1881, the sponsor gave the German delegation a choice:

  Dear, you can choose one for current and magnetic flux and name it after Weber.

  The head of the delegation at that time was Helmholtz, a good friend of Weber, who gave up the naming right of the current without even thinking about it, saying that we want magnetic flux

   Students who have touched physics books in future generations should know it.

   The current unit and the magnetic flux unit are more than an order of magnitude worse in popularity.

   Other than that.

  Weber and Newman also deduced the formula of Faraday's law. What Faraday discovered was a phenomenon. The two brothers called it Faraday's law in memory of Faraday.

The results of it?

  A bunch of people in later generations thought it was derived by Faraday's summary, and the rest thought it was made by wheat. Only our book on the streets will specifically mention these two unlucky people.

  So Weber is quite a non-chief.

   You said it was buried, but that's not the case.

   If you search carefully, you can find all kinds of information, and there are no marketing accounts to discredit him.

  But in the subconscious of the public, this person can't be remembered at all

  However, the report that will be released in 1856 was brought forward to 1850. Weber's attention to it is obviously different from the official history. I wonder if this can change the future of Weber's small transparency?

  The line of sight returns to reality.

  After talking about some details of the experimental report, Weber said to Faraday:

   "Michael, I came to you today, and there is actually one more thing I want to discuss with you."

   After finishing speaking, he waved to the side, beckoned Kirchhoff to come forward, patted him on the shoulder and said:

   "You have seen Gustav quite a few times these days, how is it? What do you think of his ability?"

  Faraday glanced at Kirchhoff, and immediately said seriously:

   "Extraordinary."

  Faraday's words are not perfunctory.

Kirchhoff published his first paper at the age of 21, proposing two circuit laws for the relationship between current, voltage and resistance in a steady circuit network, namely the famous Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's current law. The voltage law is currently well-known in Europe.

  Use the description of the later Internet literature world.

  This person is a potential newcomer with more than 10,000 reservations and the opportunity to sign a big contract.

   Having received the approval of his old friend, Weber looked very happy, and said again:

   "In this case, Michael, how about letting Gustav come to Cambridge University as a teaching assistant?"

  Hearing what Weber said, Faraday was startled:

   "There is no problem with Gustav's ability as an assistant, but Edward, you are"

  Looking at Faraday who didn't know why, Weber couldn't help but sighed slightly, and explained actively:

   "Michael, I was allowed to return to Göttingen not long ago. You should know that all universities in Germany refuse to hire me as a professor."

   "It is impossible to lift this ban in the short term. Gustav is a very capable young man. It is really a disadvantage to follow me."

  Kirchhoff on the side opened his mouth, as if he wanted to say something, but in the end he didn't speak.

It is clear.

  Before coming to Faraday's office, Weber had already communicated with him.

  Looking at the depressed old friend, Faraday also shook his head with a heavy expression.

  Weber had a wave of things more than ten years ago, and the specific situation was almost the professor's version of the letter on the bus. He and six other professors were collectively called the Seven Gentlemen of Göttingen.

   This German version of the bus letter ended in failure, so in 1837, Weber lost his teaching position.

   Later, through the relationship of his friends, he was hired as a professor of physics at the University of Leipzig, at the cost of being supervised and recording his words and deeds in every class.

  By 1848, the German Revolution broke out, and even the University of Leipzig couldn't keep him.

  He was transferred to be the director of the Göttingen Observatory under their respective political games, and worked until his retirement in 1870.

  Being influenced by Weber at the same time, Kirchhoff's life was extremely unsettled:

  He worked as a teaching assistant at the University of Berlin for three years, but was dismissed at the beginning of the third year because of Weber.

  I went to Breslau as a temporary professor in January this year, and my performance even surpassed that of the head of the school, but I was fired because of Weber last month.

   Follow the historical trajectory.

  Kirchhoff had to drift like this until 1854 before being recommended by the chemist Bunsen as a professor at Heidelberg University.

  So after the offline group building of the electromagnetic giants that did not exist in history, Weber thought of a way:

   Hand over Kirchhoff to Faraday.

   Perhaps at first, Kirchhoff felt uncomfortable due to cultural differences.

   But in the long run, Cambridge is clearly a good place to live.

  Faraday obviously knew the difficulty of his old friend. After hearing what Weber said, he just pondered for a while, and then readily agreed:

   "No problem, I'll leave this matter to me, I'll just find Dean Whewell when I find time."

   "But Gustav, you need to improve your English as soon as possible, at least you need to be able to express some technical terms clearly."

  Kirchhoff nodded quickly:

   "I will, Professor Faraday."

   Weber then patted Kirchhoff's shoulder in reassurance, looked at Xu Yun again, and said:

   "Student Luo Feng, do you have anything to say to Michael, do you need me and Gustav to avoid it?"

  Xu Yun quickly waved his hand and said to him:

   "No, no, no, this may just be your help."

   "Need my help?"

   Weber blinked, and suddenly became interested.

  He doesn't have many contacts and resources in the UK, so he really can't figure out what Xu Yun will do to him:

   "Then I'll join in the fun with a thick face."

  Xu Yun smiled at him, stepped forward quickly, and directly explained the purpose of coming to Faraday:

   "Mr. Faraday, let's make a deal."

  Faraday was slightly taken aback:

"trade?"

   After finishing speaking, the corners of Faraday's mouth curled up slightly.

  As the number one person in the world of physics in Europe and even the world, even Prince Albert treats him very politely. It has been a long time since anyone said the word transaction to him.

  Oriental, you have aroused my interest.JPG.

   Then Xu Yun thought for a moment, and said to Faraday and Weber:

   "Professor Faraday, Mr. Weber, you two must be familiar with electric charges, right?"

  The three present, including Kirchhoff, nodded in unison.

   Charge.

   This is a basic concept in electromagnetism, referring to an ideal model of a charged particle.

  Related concepts were proposed by William Gilbert, and the first person to clearly mention the word charge was Thomas Brown in 1646.

   Charge is strictly an additive quantum number, which is a property of nature, similar to spin.

  That is to say, it is invisible from a substantive point of view, but it exists conceptually—just like the attribute of "handsome", you can't touch it, but you can see it on the face of the reader.

Of course.

  In later generations, some folk science always like to negate the charge in essence, such as Fan Wei who was very famous at the time.

  This gentleman claimed that electric charge does not exist in 2017, saying that he published a paper in "PhysicsEssays", claiming that this is also the closest Chinese scientist is to the Nobel Prize.

   At that time, some laymen were really bluffed, but this one was quickly stripped away.

  For example, he claimed to be a Ph.D. student from Yunnan University, but on the same day, Yunnan University said that there was no such person, and finally confirmed that he was an advertising planner who graduated from a mechanical and electrical technician college.

   As for "PhysicsEssays"

   is a standard junk journal.

  How garbage is this journal?

  It is not even a journal in the four districts at all. It is so **** that it was directly kicked out by SCI. The impact factor is 0.28

  Basically as long as you spend money, you can even write a small white text on it.

  In addition to Fan Wei, "PhysicsEssays" also published the masterpiece of Li Zifeng, a god-man who claimed to overthrow the theory of relativity with the materialist view of space-time intelligence.

  Li Zifeng himself once answered on a certain website, saying that believers in the theory of relativity who have been subverted must do whatever they can to oppose it desperately, insulting, attacking and framing him for a long time.

   In addition, he also said a classic:

"The general theory of relativity is also wrong, but because I have not published a statement, it should not be included in the material. In modern theoretical physics, there are many fallacies; there are many fallacies awarded by the Nobel Prize in Physics. The main purpose of applying for the Nobel Prize is to publicize the truth. But you also have to suffer from framing. At present, winning a prize is a small probability event."

  This remark is not fabricated by the author, the original text is still posted on XX, if you are interested, just search for the person's name.

   In a sense.

  This one can be regarded as a combination of professional and civil science:

  His major is oil and gas drilling, and he does have some achievements, but he always likes to cross-border and say some rather anti-intellectual things, and he doesn't know why.

Of course.

  The controversy over charge in the scientific community in 1850 was far less complicated than in later generations. At this time, the scientific community only had one point of knowledge about charge:

  Electricity is just a concept, there is no mechanical weight, and no other arguments in terms of logic.

  So when answering Xu Yun, the hearts of the three present were a little confused:

  Why did Xu Yun ask such a 'low-end' question?

   But soon.

  The next sentence made Faraday and Weber almost jump up from the table:

   "So Mr. Faraday, would you be interested if I had a protocol that would allow you to verify the charge?"

  Wow—

  Faraday's left hand, which was originally holding Weber's experimental report, subconsciously squeezed the entire stack of documents into wrinkles.

  But he seemed to be indifferent, staring at Xu Yun:

   "Student Luo Feng, what did you say?"

  Very well, the fish has bitten the hook.

   Seeing this situation, Xu Yun made a gesture of calmness, and asked Faraday:

   "Professor Faraday, do you still remember the discharge phenomenon you discovered when you were studying vacuum tubes 12 years ago?"

  Faraday and Weber looked at each other and nodded:

   "Of course I remember, glow discharge."

  Xu Yun continued:

   "If I remember correctly, you also found an abnormality in the spectrum?"

  Faraday hesitated for a few seconds this time. He didn't know whether it was too old or the matter itself was not very important. He didn't recall the relevant memories immediately.

  But soon, he fixed his gaze, nodded and said:

   "That's right, there is such a situation, and I even named it the Faraday Dark Zone."

  Glow discharge.

   This is a phenomenon of self-sustained discharge in a thin gas, which can be seen everywhere in later life.

  For example, the colorful neon lights that adorn the night sky of cities are glow discharge phenomena.

  The fluorescent lamps that illuminate our study and life in the dark are also glow discharge phenomena.

  Electricians use to detect the small neon tubes flashing on the electric test pen of the circuit or the phenomenon of glow discharge.

   But don't look at the glow discharge of later generations seems to be very common.

   In 1838, this was a very special phenomenon.

   While studying this phenomenon, Faraday discovered another special place:

  The purple cathodic glow and the pink anodic glow will be separated from each other, and a dark zone will be formed in the middle area.

   But unfortunately.

  At that time, Faraday had no way to obtain a high vacuum, that is, an environment with only a few thousandths of an atmospheric pressure.

  So he could only name this area a Faraday dark area, and then interrupted the follow-up exploration.

Of course.

   This is also related to Faraday not paying too much attention to this phenomenon. At that time, he had too many subjects to study

  If Xu Yun hadn't mentioned it, he might not have remembered it for a while.

   But right now, I heard what Xu Yun said.

  In this dark area, there seems to be a huge secret hidden?

  Xu Yun came here in a hurry today, so at this time he can only draw pictures on the spot to describe.

  I saw him take the paper and pen, and draw a sketch on the desk:

   "It's a coincidence that the ancestors of Fat Fish have engaged in photovoltaic power generation, and there are actually many links with the glow phenomenon."

   "Later, when he was doing related research, he happened to discover this phenomenon, and conducted a more in-depth exploration of the nature of the phenomenon."

   "For example, when he observed with a stronger luminescent tube, he found that the wall of the glass tube facing the cathode also emitted green fluorescence."

   "When the magnet swayed outside the tube, the fluorescence would also sway, and it was finally determined that the cause of this phenomenon was caused by the current emitted by the cathode hitting the wall of the glass tube."

   When Faraday heard the words, his pupils shrank suddenly:

   "What? The current hits the wall of the glass tube?"

  Students who were ammeters in their previous life should know.

   Around 1850, the scientific community pursued the theory of electric fluid, that is, electric current is a fluid without mechanical weight.

Even though Faraday discovered the law of electrolytic equivalent in 1834, this concept has not been overthrown, and even Faraday himself agrees with the fluid theory explanation—this is like the Mavericks at the beginning, who clearly discovered the evidence of the wave theory, but insisted on creating a new one. Heap explanation, interpreting it as particle theory.

   But be aware.

  Electricity is a fluid.

  Theoretically, it is impossible for the fluorescence to shake.

   Could it be that Fat Fish misread it?

   Faraday shook his head, this is obviously even more impossible.

   First, this experiment is very simple.

  1850 was different from 1838. Now it is possible to prepare high-vacuum experimental tubes. Farah's first month's salary can tinker with hundreds of tubes.

  With the experimental tube, it only takes half an hour to verify the authenticity, Xu Yun has no reason to lie to himself.

  Secondly, Faraday himself has discovered the Faraday dark zone, and the phenomenon Xu Yun said is also in line with part of what Faraday observed.

  Think here.

  Faraday's heart couldn't help beating.

  If the current can really hit the wall of the glass tube, then as long as you set up some small props—such as thin aluminum windows or small impellers, you can observe its properties more intuitively!

  In addition, if there is a collision, there must be a transformation of energy, which is also data that can be captured!

   What excites Faraday is far more than these.

   Xu Yun thought for a moment, then said again:

   "Later, although the ancestor of Fat Fish gave up the research on glow power generation due to energy reasons, he designed a set of experimental procedures, which can theoretically further explore the nature of current."

  Faraday twitched his beard when he heard the words, and blurted out a few words on the spot:

   "What about the steps?"

  Looking at Faraday who lost his composure, Xu Yun shook his head:

   "The ancestor of Fat Fish said in the suicide note that follow-up content needs to be paid for viewing."

  Fala was taken aback for the first time, and subconsciously wanted to spit out a sentence, but finally calmed down:

   "Student Luo Feng, is this the deal you want to make?"

  Xu Yun nodded, with an honest smile on his face:

   "Exactly."

  Faraday and Weber looked at each other again, took a deep breath, and asked:

   "What about the deal? What do I need to do?"

  Xu Yun took out a piece of paper from his body, with a lot of names written on it:

   "Mr. Faraday, I hope that you and Mr. Weber will come forward and invite these bigwigs to Cambridge University."

  Faraday raised his eyelids to look at Xu Yun, took the paper, flattened it and read it:

   "Gauss Riemann Jacobi Dirichlet Weierstrasskronecker"

  Xu Yun quietly watched him talking to himself without interrupting.

After a few minutes.

  After scanning the names, Faraday looked at Xu Yun in confusion:

   "Student Luo Feng, what are you doing with so many German mathematicians?"

  Xu Yun patted the table, a fierce light flashed in his eyes:

   "If someone doesn't talk about martial arts and sing where is Dad going, I can only defend myself legally!"

   It's Riwan again, ask for a monthly pass!

Chapter end