Into Unscientific Chapter 468

  Chapter 468 The Press Conference Ends (Part 1)

   Students who were meson coils in their previous life should know it.

  Most composite particles are generally composed of 2-3 quarks.

  For example, a meson is composed of a quark and an antiquark, while a baryon is composed of 3 quarks or 3 antiquarks, and they are called conventional hadrons.

   But there is another class of particles that may be composed of 4, 5 quarks or a mixture of quark-gluons.

  Because they are relatively rare, they are also called strange hadrons, or strange hadrons, depending on each person's habit of calling them.

  At present, almost every year or even every month, one or more kinds of strange hadrons will be discovered.

  The main way to analyze a strange hadron structure is actually very simple.

  Generally, the invariant mass spectrum of the quark evenium is analyzed first, and then the scale is analyzed with the component quark model and the Dyson Schwinger equation. Basically, the composition of the specific structure can be determined.

   So for Witten.

  Even the relatively special tetraquark or even pentaquark particles shocked him to the same degree, and it couldn't be too outrageous.

   Want to come in Weiteng.

  The next process is nothing more than introducing the function of the gluon field into the graph group, simplifying a bound state through QCD, and then determining the particle structure.

  The result is after routinely introducing the gluon field function to eliminate the influence of the 'chain' of the two particles.

  Witten's pen tip suddenly paused, and his breathing became short of breath.

   After regaining consciousness.

  Witten took a deep breath, and quickly moved his pen again.

   Swish Swish Swish—

  With the appearance of lines of characters, Wei Teng's fingers holding the ballpoint pen began to tremble faintly.

  Suddenly.

  Being too excited, Wei Teng lost his balance and fell heavily to the ground.

Snapped-

  The report in his hand also scattered.

  The sound of Wei Teng landing quickly attracted the attention of several people around him. Academician Pan hurried to Wei Teng's side at the first time, reaching out his hand to help him with concern:

   "Professor Witten, are you okay?"

  However, Academician Pan was a little surprised.

  Witten didn't accept his support, but adjusted his glasses in a bit of embarrassment after turning over, knelt on the ground, supported his upper body with his hands, and quickly searched for something.

  Looking at this posture, I feel that in the next second he will shout out that physics does not exist

  See this scenario.

   Academician Pan couldn't help showing a trace of astonishment in his eyes.

  What is this doing?

   But soon.

  The astonishment in Academician Pan's eyes disappeared, replaced by a touch of inquiry and solemnity.

   It is obviously impossible for a big guy like Wei Teng to suddenly lose his mind. In fact, Wei Teng is a scholar who cares about his image very much. In his life, he even hired a housekeeper to help him with his appearance.

   At this time, he lost his composure, he must have discovered something.

   some

  Something that even he couldn't accept immediately.

   More critically.

  This enhanced gluon field has no known parameters for reference, so even everyone at the scene and even the backstage of CERN or the Academy of Sciences have to calculate the amount by themselves.

   So at least for the moment.

   Except for Weiteng itself, no one at the scene knew what Weiteng was looking for.

  Of course, this sentence is from the perspective of Academician Pan.

  If you look down from the perspective of God, Lu Chaoyang and Christine in the tenth row should be able to guess what Wei Teng is looking for—they found it even earlier than Wei Teng.

  It's a pity that even people of Academician Pan's level can't open the full map and grasp every detail of the overall situation. Naturally, there is no way to know such a situation at this time.

   One minute later.

  Amid all kinds of inexplicable gazes on and off the field, Witten finally found the report he was looking for.

  I saw him grab the report quickly, flicked the dust that did not exist on the surface of the report, the corners of his mouth trembled a few times, and just knelt on the ground to read it.

  Academician Pan hesitated for a moment when he saw this, and gave Xu Yun a look of 'you go and put away the other manuscript papers on the floor'.

   himself came behind Wei Teng, and said:

   "Mr. Witten, why don't you sit back first."

  Academician Pan's original intention was to persuade Wei Teng to sit back in his chair, after all the live images were broadcast live simultaneously.

  Witten's approach is not a good thing for the organizer of the Academy of Sciences or his own image.

   While speaking.

  Academician Pan's eyes inevitably scanned the content on the manuscript paper held by Weiteng, and subconsciously made an analysis:

  That is a quark fitting equation that removes the influence of the gluon field, which corresponds to the oscillation peak in the report, and belongs to the final expression in mathematics.

   Only a mathematician like Witten can calculate this result so quickly.

   And the moment I saw this formula.

  The second half of Academician Pan's words also got stuck in his throat, and he was taken aback for a moment:

   "This is"

  I saw at the bottom of the Weiteng draft paper, there was a piece of content that was still written:

  【LM=∑iiνQRνLi+12MνRνRcQ+(c2(iφk)+ωk2cφk)iωk((iφk)φkφk(iφk))】

   Right now.

  Academician Pan has only one idea left in his mind:

   No wonder Witten lost his composure.

at the same time.

  Although these bigwigs on the scene are inferior to Witten in terms of calculation ability, there are also excellent pen and arithmetic experts like Te Hooft.

  In addition, the whole process is not very complicated in terms of the amount of calculation—after all, it is just a gluon field.

  While Wei Teng is fast, it is not so exaggerated that it is more than ten minutes ahead of everyone.

   Therefore, while Weiteng was looking at the report, some bigwigs came up with the results one after another.

  With the release of the final form expression, the area in the first row once again fell into a somewhat subtle atmosphere.

   After a while.

   It was Elder Yang who spoke first:

   "A fermion operator, a description of a variable valence state, and the oscillation peak signal can be converted by a conjugate matrix"

   "So everyone, what we found this time is actually two"

   "Supersymmetric particles?"

   After a few seconds.

  Thooft, Higgs, Polyakov and others nodded lightly at the same time.

  See this scenario.

brush-

   Throughout the press conference, hundreds of theoretical physicists stood up from their seats again in shock, stretching their necks forward, trying to see the situation in the first row clearly.

  In the live broadcast rooms of major websites, densely packed question marks have been swiped for the seventh time:

   Lu Chaoyang in the tenth row and Christine looked at each other, and the two exhaled in a complicated way:

   "Sure enough."

  They thought of this model a long time ago, but the calculation has not made accurate progress, it can only be said that the idea is a little faster.

  Sitting not far from Yang Lao and the others, Atsuto Suzuki, who had been watching with cold eyes before, also had a blank mind at this time:

  Supersymmetric particles?

  How could it be? !

   Supersymmetry.

   This is a very controversial mathematical structure in theoretical physics.

   Mentioned earlier.

  The definition of the so-called supersymmetric theory is actually very simple, which means that every particle has its supersymmetric partner.

   That is, fermions must have a partner that is a boson, such as gluons and gluinos.

  Conversely, the partner of boson must be fermion.

  At the same time, this theory can support the superstring model to a certain extent, which belongs to a very advanced theory.

  But from the perspective of the entire theoretical span, the emergence of supersymmetric theory is far more than that simple on the surface.

   The first thing to be clear is that.

   Throughout the history of human physics, the proposal of any new theory is driven by physical motivation or demand.

  These motivations can come from the contradiction between the old theory and the experiment, or from the inconsistency of the old theory itself, or even from the drive of pure mathematical facts.

  For example, the quark model mentioned earlier.

  It is a framework that was born because the physics community discovered that there is still a structure inside the proton, and something needs to be explained inside the proton.

  Easier to understand is the heliocentric theory. One of the main reasons for the emergence of this theory is that the geocentric theory itself is not self-consistent.

  The "motivation" for the emergence of supersymmetry theory has three main points:

  Demand for dark matter,

  The largest possible space-time symmetry,

   and specification grades.

   Among them, the requirement of dark matter is best understood.

   To put it bluntly, the physics community can't find dark matter after searching for a long time, so they proposed a particle model called superneutron through the theory of supersymmetry.

  At present, the Academy of Sciences has discovered the Pangu particle, which in a sense has actually weakened or diluted this demand infinitely.

   So what really matters is two or three.

  The possible maximum space-time symmetry, which is a concept related to the S matrix element.

  S-matrix elements are the core of quantum theory. The research done by Yang Lao, Weinberg, Glashow, and Gell-Mann is inseparable from the S-matrix elements in mathematics.

   In 1967.

  Sidney Coleman and Mandura proved a theorem:

  The largest space-time symmetry group that an S matrix element can have can only be the Poincaré symmetry group, which is the famous Coleman-Mandura theorem, which prevents people from trying to embed the Poincaré group into a larger symmetry group.

  But the Coleman-Mandura theorem has a fatal problem in the eyes of later generations:

  It assumes that the Lie algebraic relations between all generators of the symmetric group can only be commutators.

   In other words,

   All generators can only be Bose - but there's really no physical reason for this assumption.

   It is like you have demonstrated a situation through data:

  Compared with other types of novels, Xiaobaiwen has more readers-this sentence is actually true.

   But then you use this as a cornerstone and make another assumption:

  Huoshu can only be Xiaobaiwen.

  This sentence is actually quite unreasonable. Although the proportion of Xiaobaiwen in Huoshu may be 70 to 80%, it is still different from the word "only".

   So in 1975.

Abandoning this assumption, Hager, Lopezzanski and Zonius extended the largest space-time symmetry groups from the Poincaré group to the hyper-Poincare by allowing the introduction of Fermi-type generators and Lie algebraic relations against commutators Lai Qun.

   And this introduction is undoubtedly correct in the eyes of later generations.

   In this way, a problem arises:

   The definition of "irreducible representation" appears to be different.

  The irreducible representation of Poincaré algebra naturally gives the definition of elementary particles in the standard model.

  The irreducible representation of super Poincaré algebra gives the definition of all elementary particles in supersymmetry.

   For purely theoretical motives.

  Since the largest space-time symmetry allowed in mathematics is the super Poincaré symmetry, there is no reason to believe that nature would not choose it but only the smaller Poincaré symmetry.

   This gives the second motivation for the emergence of supersymmetric theory in the scope of pure theory or pure mathematics.

   As for the normative level, this is the 'motivation' of the experimental phenomenon.

   Mentioned a long time ago.

  Although the Higgs particle was only officially captured in 2012, its mass has been locked in a rough range for a long time.

   That is 120-130GeV.

  When this number is calculated, almost all physicists have a question:

  Mom, isn't this thing too light?

   Because in particle physics.

  When calculating the self-energy correction of a particle f with mass mf to the Higgs particle, after eliminating the infinite part through renormalization, the remaining finite part is the mass correction of the Higgs particle.

  But this finite part is proportional to mf, not the mass of the fermion itself like the fermions protected by chiral symmetry.

   This makes a large correction to the mass of the Higgs particle if f is heavy, and can even be much larger than its physical mass.

  The most representative is the GUT energy standard.

  If there is a new particle on the GUT energy scale, then the new particle will bring the radiation correction to the Higgs mass much larger than the weak electric energy scale.

  The physical mass of the Higgs particle is only 125GeV, which means that the two large numbers of the radiation correction and the Higgs particle's dendrogram-order mass need to be very finely canceled to give a physical mass of only 125GeV.

   This unnaturalness that needs to be fine-tuned is obviously a matter of normative hierarchy.

   After introducing the theory of supersymmetry, another situation will appear:

  Supersymmetry assumes that all elementary fermions/bosons have their own supersymmetric partners, and the masses of elementary particles and their supersymmetric partners are strictly equal when supersymmetry is maintained.

  Because of the different statistical properties of particles, the Fermi circle will have an extra minus sign compared to the Bose circle.

  So the contribution of elementary particles to the radiation correction of the mass of Higgs particle and its supersymmetry partner is strictly equal in size and opposite in sign, and the two just cancel each other out.

in other words.

  Supersymmetry protects the mass of the Higgs particle from the radiation correction of massive particles, which solves the gauge level problem.

   Very simple and easy to understand.

  But although supersymmetric particles are perfect in theory, there is always a problem in the experimental stage:

  It has been almost 50 years since the supersymmetric particle was proposed, but the physics community still has not found any supersymmetric particle.

   This time span is even longer than the quark model was proposed to confirm - the quark model was proposed in 1964, and it was confirmed by Mr. Ding Zhaozhong ten years later.

   So it has always been.

  Even Yang Lao, Te Hooft and others are not very optimistic about supersymmetric particles or the theory of supersymmetry.

Of course.

  They are not negating the theory itself, but because the current situation assumes the existence of supersymmetric particles, and there is a high probability that they will not be found until the energy level is deserted or even above the desert.

   This is obviously a level that is difficult to achieve in physics today.

to some extent.

  This may be something that the next generation or even the next generation can witness.

   What Yang Lao said at the time was actually like this:

   "If you want to be famous, I don't think supersymmetry theory is a suitable direction, because you probably won't live to the day when the theory is verified experimentally."

   As a result, in the mouths of some marketing accounts, it became that Mr. Yang opposed the theory of supersymmetry.

   This is not over yet, there are even more outrageous things.

  In "Three-Body Problem", Liu's setting of the universe framework is the theory of supersymmetry. Or superstring theory, and then there are marketing accounts saying that Yang Lao diss "Three-Body Problem" is rubbish.

   It can only be said that a lot of content is very distorted in the process of dissemination.

   Another example is what Xu Yun said when he was writing a novel:

   "Women's clothing is reserved for the serialization period."

   Then, under the spread of some hateful sand sculpture group members, it became [women's clothing for every order at any stage] → [women's clothing for any book ten thousand orders] → [women's clothing for high-end orders].

  God is sorry, the high-definition TMD of that book is more than 30,000, okay?

  The topic returns to reality.

  Let's not talk about Academician Pan, Xu Yun, and Old Yang.

  Even Witten himself did not expect that the particles discovered this time would actually be two supersymmetric particles—and they are not suspected, but almost real.

  Because it is not difficult to see from the appearance.

  Witten deduced this expression with the fermion operator Q. After the conjugate matrix is ​​changed, the oscillation peak signal of one particle can be perfectly converted into another particle.

   At the same time after removing the influence of the gluon field.

  The physical properties of the two particles are also symmetrical—as mentioned earlier, one of the two particles is a fermion, and the other is a boson.

   In other words.

   This is a double-ended agreement between physical phenomena and mathematical calculations.

  Anyone facing this result, cannot deny that these two particles are supersymmetric.

   Indeed.

  The value of these two supersymmetric particles is not as good as that of dark matter in terms of the value of the single body.

  But in the long run, it may be more valuable than dark matter.

  Because supersymmetric particles are directly linked, but what about superstring theory

Of course.

  Supersymmetric particles are only a key evidence of superstring theory, and cannot be said to prove the authenticity of superstring theory.

   Not to mention that it has really reached that level, it is not these two supersymmetric particles that play a role in proving, but a framework that gathers a large number of supersymmetric particles.

   In a sense.

   These two supersymmetric particles are like medicine primers in traditional Chinese medicine. As for the effect of the prescription, it still depends on the combination of specific medicinal materials.

  Think here.

  Xu Yun couldn't help touching his chin, and a flash of understanding flashed in his eyes.

  Although supersymmetric particles are precious, they are obviously not worthy of the value of the second part of the formula.

  So what the second part of the formula really involves should be

  Superstring theory?

   or more precisely

  Unified direction?

   Objectively speaking.

  The possibility of this guess is still very high.

   Then Xu Yun shifted his eyes a little bit, and looked at Atsuto Suzuki who was standing blankly at the side.

  If I remember correctly.

  Atsuto Suzuki used supersymmetric particles as a gimmick at the Kamioka Laboratory's press conference, but in fact, the particles have nothing to do with supersymmetry.

  Atsuto Suzuki at the time probably never imagined that this time the Academy of Sciences not only discovered dark matter, but also supersymmetric particles, right?

  Does this count?

   Shrimp and pig heart?

Note:

  I saw Xu Yun and Mai Mai's articles on an indescribable website, it's hard to describe

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end