Into Unscientific Chapter 298

  Chapter 298 History Was Kicked from Behind

  Inside the laboratory.

  Following the sound of 'Ah Lie Lie'.

  Everyone's eyes turned to Mai at the side almost at the same time.

  I saw this moment.

  In the previous chapter, a certain idiot author did not arrange to appear, but the last chapter teleported to the scene, Mai Mai was standing beside the table, staring at a certain direction motionlessly.

  Mouth slightly opened, with an expression of seeing a ghost.

  See this scenario.

  Faraday couldn't help but put down the tools in his hand, and asked Wheat:

   "Student Maxwell, what's wrong with you?"

  Faraday's voice brought Maimai's thoughts back to reality, and he opened his mouth first, as if he wanted to say something.

  But hesitating for a few seconds, he still shook his head and said:

   "Nothing nothing. Sorry, Professor Faraday, it seems that I have an illusion"

   Then Mai Mai bit her lower lip with her upper front teeth, hesitated for a moment, pointed to the vacuum tube and added:

   "Professor Faraday, can I try this device?"

  Faraday looked up at this young Scottish man with social phobia, his expression thoughtful.

   Intuition told him that the young man seemed to have discovered something abnormal.

  But Xiaomai was obviously not sure about the unknown anomaly, so he came up with the idea of ​​using the equipment.

  Now Faraday has regarded wheat as his half apprentice, and the data that should be collected at this time has been collected, so he waved his hand generously and said:

   "No problem, just use it."

  Wheat thanked him:

   "Thank you, Professor Faraday."

  The voltage load of the high-voltage coil is very high, and it takes a certain cooling time to activate it again. It takes at least three to five minutes for the wheat to restart the vacuum tube.

  So take advantage of this gap.

  Faraday, Gauss and others shifted their attention to the calculation results again.

  “1.6638*10^11C/kg”

   Looking at the figure in front of him, Gauss was silent for a moment, and asked Faraday:

   "Michael, if I remember correctly, this ratio should be hundreds of times larger than the theoretical value of hydrogen ions?"

  Faraday took off his glasses when he heard the words, rubbed his nose vigorously, and let out a soft breath:

   "To be precise, it's closer to a thousand times."

   "A thousand times?"

  Gauss's pupils shrank imperceptibly, and he looked at the arithmetic paper in his hand again:

   "That is to say. This is how we discovered matter smaller than atoms? This."

  Faraday glanced at his old friend, but did not speak.

  In the early morning after Christmas Eve, the three top leaders in the scientific world fell silent at the same time.

   Atom.

  Throughout the history of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign civilizations, it is not uncommon to see concepts that are similar to atoms, that is, represent the smallest composition of all things in the world.

  For example, in 500 BC, Democritus of ancient Greece proposed the earliest atomic theory, claiming that everything visible to the naked eye is composed of a very small "proton".

   There are also many sages in China who believe that everything in the world is a real thing composed of countless particles.

   But on the other hand, this kind of cognition belongs more to the category of philosophy than science.

   That is, they believe that everything in the world can be subdivided into particles smaller than dust, but they don't know the specific diameter and properties of these particles.

  The true founder of modern atomic theory is the British John Dalton.

  After Lavoisier discovered hydrogen, it was discovered that the chemical reaction of two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen was just consumed to produce water.

  Exceeding this ratio, there may be excess hydrogen, and there may be excess oxygen.

  That is to say, hydrogen and oxygen have an effect on a certain unit in a 2:1 relationship.

  People have been looking for this smallest unit, at the element level at first, and then Dalton proposed the concept of atom in 1803.

   At that time he proposed a theory:

  Material is composed of invisible and indivisible atoms, and atom is the smallest unit of chemical change.

   In addition, he also determined the atomic weight of each element - although some are wrong.

   This concept will last until 1897 before it will be refreshed again by jj Thomson, and his steps are the vacuum tube experiments used by Lao Tang and others today.

Of course.

  The vacuum tube experiment calculates the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and the electric quantity is measured by Millikan mentioned earlier, so I won't go into details here.

at the same time.

  In the era when JJ Thomson measured the charge-to-mass ratio, Arrhenius had already proposed the ionization theory in 1887, which could calculate the charge-to-mass ratio of hydrogen ions.

  JJ Thomson's measurement result is nearly 2000 times larger than that of hydrogen ions. This is undoubtedly a result involving the concept of magnitude:

  The charge-to-mass ratio is the ratio of electricity to mass. Whether hydrogen ions or cathode ray particles, their electricity is the same, that is, the molecules remain unchanged.

  The difference is two thousand times in the case of the same molecule, so the difference is obviously in the mass:

   That is to say, the mass of the stream of particles that make up cathode rays is only one thousandth of that of hydrogen ions.

   is a thousand times smaller than a hydrogen ion, so this particle is naturally smaller than an atom.

  Now Faraday and the others live in 1850, although the ionization theory has not yet appeared, but the research on gas element ions has been carried out for a long time, and many values ​​have actually appeared first.

  This is also the normal state before many theories are formally proposed:

  The proposer of the theory is not necessarily the discoverer or trailblazer of the phenomenon.

  Their real contribution is to induce and summarize some discrete things into a standard theorem through a certain formula or experimental results.

   So it is not surprising that Gauss and Faraday were able to think of a value for the charge-to-mass ratio of the hydrogen ion.

   What really moved them was the .

  This particle, which is enough to change the history of the scientific world, actually appeared in front of them like this?

To know.

  The experimental methods such as the measurement of the speed of light, the photovoltaic effect, the photoelectric effect, and the calculation of Conan's star orbit that Xu Yun proposed before are obviously quite delicate in terms of steps.

But in fact.

   Aside from the photoelectric effect, the other impetus to the scientific community is actually not disruptive—at least for now.

  Their more significance is to correct some mistakes, so that future generations can avoid wasting time in these aspects.

   But cathode rays are not the same.

   Its analysis results this time can be regarded as a big step forward in the entire human understanding of the microcosm!

  What is the trajectory of that particle?

   What are its physical properties?

   If it is the smallest particle, can humans use it to recombine something?

  These are brand-new and extremely valuable fields. Since Ferrari invented the generator, the study of the microcosm has become a future trend.

  Looking at the paper in his hand, Gauss suddenly thought of a good friend of his:

  Italian Avogadro.

  Dalton was the inventor of the atomic theory, and Avogadro was the one who confirmed that atoms are really atoms.

  Although the real measurer of Avogadro's constant is not Avogadro, but Jean Perrin.

   But today's Avogadro is not just eating for nothing:

  He not only proposed the concept of Avogadro's constant, but also deduced this constant to the order of 3.88E+23.

  Now Avogadro is almost sixty years old. If he knew that this particle was discovered, wouldn't he be able to tear off his wig happily?

   Yes, wigs:

  Avogadro was bald in his later years, but he still stubbornly bought a wig.

   And just when Gauss was a little fuzzy.

Snapped!

  The lights in the room suddenly dimmed.

  Gauston was taken aback for a moment, and subconsciously glanced at the ceiling.

power cut?

  However, less than two seconds.

Snapped!

  The lighting in the room returned to normal again.

  Gauss and Faraday looked towards the switch, and found that the person standing at the switch was none other than

   Wheat!

  At this time, Maimai's expression was even more shocking than before, his Adam's apple kept rolling up and down, and there were even beads of sweat on his face—this is December

  Faraday said that he blinked, and asked a little puzzlingly:

   "Student Maxwell, what are you doing?"

  Wheat heard the words and quickly regained consciousness, first cast a sorry look at Faraday, then pointed in a certain direction, and said:

   "Mr. Faraday, please allow me to explain the specific situation to you later, please look at the vase first - I will turn off the light again in five seconds, and you will understand by then."

   Faraday, Gauss and others followed the trend.

  On the right side of the table, that is, two meters behind the anode, five or six meters away from Faraday and others, wheat has placed a vase at some point.

  The vase is ordinary, and there is nothing weird about it.

  Five seconds passed quickly.

Snapped!

  Wheat pressed the light switch again, and the room returned to darkness.

  Faraday and Goss-Weber squinted their eyes to adapt to the changes in the light, and then looked in the direction of the wheat in the dark.

be honest.

   It is actually not an easy task to accurately locate a specific object five or six meters away in the instantly dark room.

  In fact, for most people, being able to determine the approximate area is considered a good sense of location.

   But at this moment.

  Whether it is Gauss or Faraday.

   Still Weber, Kirchhoff and others, almost everyone locked on the vase immediately.

because

  At this moment, a beam of light shoots out from the vacuum tube on the table, hitting the front surface of the vase heavily!

   A few more seconds passed.

   Faraday's voice suddenly sounded in the room, with a strong sense of urgency in his tone:

   "Maxwell, turn on the lights, turn on the lights! Stay where you are after turning on the lights!"

Snapped.

  Wheat obeyed obediently.

   After the light is restored in the house.

   Farah rushed to the vicinity of the anode in the first stride, his agility was not like a 59-year-old old man at all, he looked like a 59-year-old man.

   After coming to the table.

  Faraday squatted halfway on the edge of the table, staring fixedly at the end of the anode, his face as solemn as water.

   Mentioned earlier.

  The diagram of the vacuum tube given by Xu Yun has been changed a lot compared to the normal vacuum tube. The cathode and anode are made of thin metal sheets, which are respectively filled at the head and tail of the test tube.

   That is to say.

  After the cathode ray is emitted from the cathode, the light path will be blocked by the metal plate of the anode, thus disappearing.

   In addition, in the research process just now.

  Faraday used a built-in small piece of wood to block the light path in order to determine which end the ray came from.

  The diameter of this small piece of wood is just over a centimeter, and the thickness is not even a millimeter, but it still easily blocks the penetration of cathode rays.

  That is to say, the penetrating power of cathode rays is not strong, and the optical path is very short—this is still a characteristic under vacuum conditions, and it must be weakened a lot in the air.

   But the problem is

  The spot of light that appeared on the outside of the vase just now is more than two meters away from the anode!

  Think here.

  Faraday looked at Wheat again and said:

   "Maxwell, turn off the lights!"

   Maxwell nodded:

"clear!"

Snapped!

  The room was dark again.

at the same time.

   A round spot of light appeared outside the vase again.

   Compared with other people present, the vacuum tube standing next to the vacuum tube can see clearly—

  The source of the light is impressively

   Anode inside a vacuum tube!

   December 26, 1850.

  The history of modern science first took a big step forward in this laboratory at the University of Cambridge, which was temporarily unknown.

   Then a Scottish guy named Maxwell staggered from behind, and walked forward three steps unsteadily.

Note:

  The Qixi Festival is hard for one person to code, please ask for a monthly pass to comfort me

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end