Into Unscientific Chapter 337

  Chapter 337 Goodbye, 1850! (2) (Still 4D!!)

  Looking at the silent scene like a cemetery.

  Looking at the expressions of astonishment on the faces of everyone including Mai Mai and Lao Tang.

  Xu Yun's heart suddenly felt a hearty sense of joy.

  Finally the secret is revealed, the past few days have suffocated him.

  During the past period of time, he kept the equipment with the highest and highest standards of secrecy.

   Except Aveline.

   No one has seen the full body of this device.

  For example, the factory building is decentralized processing, each group completes its own production content independently, and does not know the appearance of the finished product after assembly.

   This model is somewhat similar to the two small things that Xu Yun asked Avelyn to produce, except that the degree of dispersion of those two small things is higher.

   And in terms of assembly.

  Xu Yun also arranges segmented assembly:

  Manpower was arranged to assemble it separately overnight, and it was covered with a covering cloth immediately after completion. Even Lao Tang, the president of Gewushe, had never seen its original appearance.

  The astonished expressions of these 'audiences' now illustrate one thing:

  The confidentiality arrangements made by Xu Yun in advance are all worthwhile!

Of course.

  The surprise of these people at the scene was actually expected by Xu Yun.

   After all, look at all copies in the past.

   Whether it is Mavericks' 1665 or Lao Su's 1100.

  Even counting the first half of the 1850 copy of Wheat, he has never produced such a shocking thing.

   He even dared to pat his chest for a guarantee:

   Among all known traversers.

   Except for the kind of wall hanging that can be realized directly through the XX system, otherwise, there are definitely no more than five fingers who can make a particle accelerator by themselves in 1850.

   That's right.

   The finale equipment that Xu Yun took out this time is exactly a—

  Particle Accelerator!

   Brackets, the ultimate beggar version.

   As mentioned earlier, the third experiment that Xu Yun plans to do today is the double-slit interference experiment of electrons.

  Among them, due to the foreshadowing that he planted in the electromagnetic wave calibration at the beginning—that is, he misleadingly proposed that electromagnetic waves are a kind of light, so photons were successfully replaced by Xu Yun into electrons.

  After all, a single photon is too difficult to get out.

   Like the "single photon" used by most laboratories in later generations, they are actually just energy photons, which are generally detected by HBT experiments or g2.

  Because the energy is divided into pieces, the frequency multiple of the minimum energy can be produced, and theoretically, a single photon is produced.

   Say you have a bag of the same third set of one-dollar coins, and each coin weighs 6.1g.

   Then when sorting, you only need to look at the display of the electronic scale. If 6.1 appears, it means that a one-yuan coin has been sorted, and you will not "touch" the coin by hand during the whole process.

   That is, relying on numerical values ​​instead of phenomena to produce photons.

  Real single photons are very, very complicated to produce, such as attenuating laser pulses, spontaneous four-wave mixing, or artificial atoms radiating single photons, etc.

  Even Xu Yun couldn't figure out these technologies—or it would be very difficult to figure out these technologies within a few months.

   And energy photons?

   This concept was obviously not convincing in 1850.

  So Xu Yun finally thought twice, and decided to replace photons with electrons.

   Kedian also has a problem:

  Electrons are easy to generate, but not easy to emit.

  At present, there is only one electron emission method that Xu Yun can achieve, and that is to emit cathode rays.

  But there is a fatal flaw in the emission of cathode rays-the bunches it produces are very long.

  After a little energy dissipation, the longitudinal launch is very stretched.

  Therefore, there are only three improvement methods before Xu Yun.

  One is field emission.

  The second is to build a semiconductor photocathode, which contains telluride, antimonide and III-V compound.

   Then it is almost done by making a super-era fine grating.

  The third is to set up a multiple combination link to screen out advective electrons.

  This is also the reason why it is difficult for you to see the video of the electronic double-slit interference experiment in later generations—if you don't believe me, if you search the Internet, almost all you see are demonstration animations or one or two pictures.

  Demonstration animations and textbooks generally only capture the part of the imaging screen. The emission source looks like an electron gun in biubiubiu. The experimental area may not be as big as a public toilet.

  But in fact, to do this experiment, accelerators and even some other instruments that need to be highly confidential must be used.

Of course.

   This cannot be said to be negligence or a bug like Baidu Encyclopedia.

  Mainly for high school students, the link of generating advective electrons is esoteric and unnecessary, and it belongs to advanced professional knowledge.

   So naturally it is simplified.

   And in the era of 1850.

  The second possibility is directly ruled out. The first difficulty is slightly lower, but it is a bit downshifted as the finale.

  So under the 'helpless'.

  Xu Yun can only choose the third option.

   That is, rubbing an accelerator by hand.

  In his previous life, Xu Yun was not admitted to the junior class of HKUST, but became an ordinary HKUST university student with a normal score.

   My major is Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics in the Department of Modern Physics.

   It is not difficult to see from this major that this is a subject that often deals with the microcosm.

  Like the ATLAS and ALICE experiments on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the STAR experiment on the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory across the sea, and the experiment on the dark matter particle detection satellite DAMPE, also known as Wukong——

  Xu Yun has never participated in any of them.

   cough cough

  However, Xu Yun has participated in the Belle experiment, the acquisition of data at the Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory, the experiment of the Yanjing Electron Positron Collider BEPCII, etc.

  Now, Xu Yun has personally used KEKB, the predecessor of Neon's asymmetric electron-positron collider called SuperKEKB.

  Ordinary.jpg.

  It's a pity that the concepts of super magic device and CEPC were not proposed at that time, otherwise he reckoned that he could get some buffs.

  In his previous life, Xu Yun had dealt with accelerators, large and small, or quasi-accelerators for seven or eight years, so he naturally knew how to assemble an extremely cheap beggar's version of a particle accelerator.

  However, considering that this is a logical flow novel, here are some additional information:

  The first cyclotron in human history appeared in 1930, with an energy of 1MeV.

   And the craftsmanship to make it is actually about 1900 level.

   and mentioned earlier.

  Currently, due to Mavericks, the manufacturing level of this copy, especially in optical instruments, is also close to 1900.

  For example, the exchange rate conversion is calculated based on the year 1900.

   That is to say, the difference between the two eras in terms of instruments is actually not very far, the key lies in the difference in the theoretical system of knowledge.

   And this is precisely the advantage of Xu Yun, a traverser.

   Next.

  It is the same engine that Xu Yun made in the 1100 copy.

  The core logical principle of this beggar version of the accelerator is still that it only needs to deal with a few experiments, which means that it can be scrapped after tonight's tinkering.

   Long-term stability need not be considered.

  Many links have been loosened. I don't know how many times.

  In later generations, some people even sell the graduation project of self-made accelerator, about 5,000 yuan.

  Students who have made their own accelerators or were accelerators in their previous lives should know this.

   There are several difficulties in the design of the accelerator:

  1. What kind of accelerator will be used? Straight line or roundabout?

  2. Which charged particles do you want to use?

  3. How to gather particle beams?

  4. How much voltage can be used to accelerate?

  5. How to detect accelerated particles?

  6. How to reduce the energy loss of particles in the air?

  Among the six questions, the first link is obviously the easiest.

  Because Xu Yun only needs to produce advective electrons, which are one of the simplest particles, and their magnitude is terrifyingly low.

  So it doesn't matter if it's a straight line or a roundabout or even compounded together.

  For example, the Beggar's Accelerator designed by Xu Yun has a composite appearance, one side of which is a circular iron box with a diameter of about 1.5 meters and a height of about half a Pandora.

  The outside of the iron box is connected to a 100-meter-long channel, with an interference imaging plate placed at the end.

   Probably something like this:

  O→I, that I is the imaging plate.

  The principle of this accelerator is very simple:

  Use the vortex electric field generated by electromagnetic induction to accelerate the magnetic flux, which is roughly similar to the shot put in the Olympic Games, and throw the ball when it turns to the right position.

   The more turns you make.

  The kinetic energy given to the 'shot put' is greater.

  Then the easiest ones are the four questions 2, 4, 5, and 6.

  The DIY process of later generations generally looks like this:

  Go online and buy an ionization sensor smoke alarm—there is americium-241 in it, which is a very safe particle source.

   Coupled with the CMOS image sensor in the digital camera as a detector, as well as a pressure cooker and a vacuum pump, these links can be done.

  The cost of a full set is about 8000.

   And Xu Yun this time

  It would be much simpler.

   What he needs to accelerate are electrons, and the detector is naturally a sensing screen—now that the vacuum tube has been developed by Xu Yun, the sensing screen is no longer a problem.

  The voltage is in charge of the University of Cambridge, anyway, the voltage of the Rumkov coil must be sufficient.

   As for reducing energy loss

   "As you can see, the inner wall structure of this accelerator, I call it the inner wall of the beam tube."

   Beggar version next to the accelerator.

  Xu Yun knocked on its silver aluminum shell first, making a thumping sound.

   Another small opening was opened from the side, revealing the interior:

   "The beam tube is mainly used to ensure a high internal vacuum, so the selection of the beam tube material requires a low outgassing rate and a relative magnetic permeability close to 1."

   "This concept is similar to a vacuum tube, Professor Faraday should be familiar to you."

   Faraday, who rushed from his seat to the side of the accelerator, took a few glances and nodded slightly.

  The magnetic permeability in the original timeline was not proposed until 1885, but now under the influence of Mavericks in this copy, the magnetic permeability was also born in advance. (see Chapter 295)

  So now that Xu Yun explained it this way, Faraday followed his train of thought.

   Then Xu Yun took out a few things from a box on the ground, which were the beryllium tubes and other things that Avelyn had asked to build:

"This is a beryllium tube, it can seal the vacuum, and at the same time, it can also ensure that the gadget electrons will have unnecessary impact after hitting the inner wall—but be careful, everyone, the beryllium tube is highly toxic and carcinogenic, we can only install it Observing in the glass, you can't touch it"

   "This is a hollow solenoid containing zinc-doped ferrite, which can form a porous structure due to the construction of a temporary storage ring"

   "The one on the right is a cone of pure molybdenum, which can slow down the growth rate after the number of electrons increases."

   While explaining.

  Xu Yun also took out a schematic diagram that had been prepared long ago, and conducted more intuitive science popularization through the diagram.

  Faraday listened carefully to Xu Yun's introduction, took the diagram and looked at it for a while.

   After a moment of silence, he looked at the 100-meter-long dragon in front of him again, and asked:

   "Student Luo Feng, how many electrons can this accelerator emit in one second?"

  Xu Yun thought for a while and said:

   "About a thousand or so."

  His design refers to the previously mentioned plan made by the research team of the Department of Physics at the University of NebraskLincoln in 2011.

   That is doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018.

  This scheme first allows two cathode ray guns to emit each other, and the electrons will be deflected after passing through a pre-set electrode.

   Then go through the gate screen, and then happen on the pre-set zinc plate—

  Photoelectric effect. (It's killing me, all the materials for the photoelectric effect are prepared for this chapter)

  In the photoelectric effect light, an atom will generate a photon and generate a free electron, and the total number can be counted if the number is controlled.

   This energy level was not understood by the scientific community in 1850, but any student of big things in later generations can calculate it.

  Assume that there is a group of particles and the group of particles fully exchange kinetic energy with each other to reach an equilibrium state.

  Then the kinetic energy of these particles will satisfy the Boltzmann distribution.

   That is, EK=3/2kT, where T is the temperature.

  After calculating the kinetic energy, everything is very simple.

  Just install another metal ring and apply a negative voltage. Since the electrons are also negatively charged, adjusting the voltage on this electrode can slow down the electrons and screen out some electrons that deflect in the wrong direction.

   Some electrons don't have enough kinetic energy, so they just turn around and go back.

  These electrons are stored in an air-core solenoid containing zinc-doped ferrite, and after being deflected again, they can become electrons that can be emitted again.

  After such a screening, phased multi-electron emission can be achieved.

  As long as you have hands.JPG.

Of course.

  Due to the problem of precision, Xu Yun certainly cannot guarantee that only one electron is emitted each time.

  But it is not difficult for an electron to pass through the accelerator at an average speed of one millisecond, which is what Xu Yun said that 1,000 electrons that meet the requirements hit the picture plate in one second.

  The line of sight returns to the original place.

  Faraday touched the shell of the accelerator, tapping on it rhythmically with his fingers.

  For some reason, he has an inexplicable liking for this smooth silver aluminum exterior.

  After a while, Faraday suddenly thought of something again, stopped his fingers, and continued to ask Xu Yun:

   "Student Luo Feng, I almost understand the principle of what you said, but there is one thing I still don't want to understand"

   "The design you mentioned seems to only filter out electrons with the same direction and speed, but how can you gather them together?"

  Xu Yun was taken aback for a moment.

  After recovering, a sigh appeared in my heart again.

   As expected of a professional boss

  Students who are still dizzy after seeing this should still remember.

  Among the six points raised above, there is still a link that has not given an answer.

   That is the third point:

  How to focus particle beams.

   After all, after having a particle source, it is necessary to consider the problem of beam focusing.

  If you don't focus, it may take a long time before the experimental results are produced.

  Looking at the curious Faraday, Xu Yun took out another piece of silver-white metal from the storage box:

   "Professor Faraday, rely on this."

   The metal block that Xu Yun took out is different from the sealed beryllium tube, which shows that it can be manipulated.

  So Faraday trustingly took the metal block from Xu Yun's hand, and looked at it carefully.

  This metal block looks square and square, about the size of a palm, but it feels a little strange after holding it.

   Soft?

  Faraday tentatively squeezed the metal block with his thumb, and let out a soft snort:

   "Huh? This is."

  I saw him digging in his pocket, took out a small iron piece that he carried with him, and gently placed it three centimeters below the metal block.

soon.

Snapped-

  The iron sheet was quickly absorbed onto the metal block.

  See this scenario.

  Faraday looked at Xu Yun again, and asked tentatively:

   "Is this a .metal pole?"

  Xu Yun nodded, gave him a thumbs up, and added:

   "To be precise, this is a rare earth magnet."

  In later generations of large-scale particle accelerators, superconducting quadrupole magnets are usually used to focus the beam.

   But Xu Yun's particle kinetic energy is very small right now, so he asked Avelyn to tinker with a rare earth magnet.

  The magnetic quadrupole composed of rare earth magnets is one of the best obtained magnetic quadrupoles, and the effect on focusing low-energy particles is so good that it is amazing.

  In later generations, there is a neon man named Michio Kaku, the author of "Beyond Time and Space". He made his own accelerator when he was in middle school.

   And the beam focusing tool used in his accelerator uses rare earth magnets.

   With the help of rare earth magnets, the energy potential of advective electrons is basically pulled to the fullest.

   That is to say

  The materials for the electron double-slit interference experiment are fully prepared at this time.

  The rest is.

  Official experiment!

  Due to the high secrecy of the whole process before, Xu Yun is the only person who can carry out the experimental operation now.

   After everything is ready.

  He brought Faraday and others to the console of the beggar version, and pressed the switch—note that the imaging screen is already powered on and is in the running detection state.

  Boom boom boom—

  The Rumkov coil quickly started working.

   Has not yet reached the level of refined craftsmanship, making the coil equipment sound like a tractor of later generations.

   Then soon.

   Under strong voltage.

   thorn thorn ～

  Gas discharge began to appear in the vacuum tube, the potential barrier was broken, and a beam of cathode rays appeared.

at the same time.

   Mai Mai next to Xu Yun showed the indicator, pulled the corner of Xu Yun's clothes a few times, and said to him:

   "Mr. Luo Feng, look quickly, the indicator has responded!"

  Xu Yun glanced at the indicator.

  Nodded, did not speak.

  The indicator monitors the circuit conditions around the vacuum tube. If cathode rays appear, the indicator will inevitably change.

  If something goes wrong even in this link, he might as well go back to the first scene and crash into the analysis machine to death.

   Immediately after.

  In the microscopic world that Xu Yun and others cannot see.

   The messy electrons began to advance rapidly in the vacuum tube.

  They first encounter residual air molecules in the middle of the gap, and after a series of collisions, a large number of new electrons and positive and negative ions are generated.

  Due to the high speed of electron movement, a large number of electrons are concentrated in the front part of the forward direction.

   Positive ions remain in the rear, and a collection of electrons and positive ions is formed in the tube.

   That is, electron collapse.

   Then due to the different divisions of the ground state energy level.

  The Aston dark area anode glow area appeared in the vacuum tube

  Electrons with different momentums have completed the primary screening in the vacuum tube.

   Some move on, some neutralize the ions, and some wander back and forth.

  This kind of screening is even infinitely more intense than the human tadpole marathon.

  After a short initial screening.

  The number of electrons passing through in one second is reduced to the order of 0.167x10^4—the description here is the “number” of the electron cloud concept. (Under normal circumstances, coulombs are used to describe electronics, and the numbers here are just for the convenience of intuitive reading by rare students.)

   After the initial screening.

  Those passing electrons enter the accelerator.

   What greeted them first was a cone of pure molybdenum, a balancer in the accelerator.

  Under the action of the cone, the electrons shrink with a function that takes up 454 bytes when written, and will be sprayed into hydrology.

   Some electrons "fall" here again.

  The rest of the electrons continue to move forward and reach the next level:

   Negatively charged metal ring.

   Same **** repels each other, opposite **** attracts, and negative electricity and electrons quickly produce repulsion.

  It's like sailing against the current.

   Some electrons with insufficient power or direction are cruelly removed from the zinc-doped ferrite hollow solenoid

that's it.

  Under the action of a series of preset 'processes'.

  The number of electrons is getting smaller and smaller, but the properties are getting more and more stable.

  In the end, it is infinitely close to the effect of field emission.

  In front of this 'process' that is clearly visible and can be explained by physical knowledge.

  Even Georgia Terry, a civil subject, couldn't find any so-called loopholes.

  Georgia Terry, Avogadro, Doppler

   All of them can only wait for the results.

  These gradually stabilized electrons were quickly accelerated and passed through the "double slit" that Xu Yun handed over to be polished by Gewushe members.

  The whole process seems to be long.

   But in reality, it only took a few seconds to end.

   One minute later.

   For the first time, a slight fluorescent flicker appeared on the imaging plate.

  Xu Yun just stood there with everyone, quietly waiting for the result.

One minute

three minutes.

five minutes.

  Six minutes.

   There are more and more images on the imaging plate.

  However, because the operating table is more than a hundred meters away from the imaging board, everyone couldn't see what the specific content looked like for a while.

   More than ten minutes later.

Snapped!

  Xu Yun suddenly turned off the accelerator, ordered Mai Mai to package the imaging board, and took it back to the scene immediately.

   After the wheat returns.

  Xu Yun gave up his position to Faraday, and he was to tear open the package.

  Prick—

  Georgia Terry on the side rushed to the table for the first time, and suddenly burst into laughter after seeing the drawings:

   "Two bright stripes, two bright stripes!"

   "According to the function of the accelerator you mentioned, what is emitted are individual electrons, so it must show two rods on the imaging board."

   "This phenomenon does not prove any of your points of view, on the contrary, it verifies that the nature of light in a specific situation is fixed!"

  Everyone was shocked when they heard the words, and leaned forward one after another.

   Sure enough.

  I saw this moment.

  There are two bright long rods on the imaging board!

  The two bars represent particle, and the light and dark zebra crossing represents volatility.

   This is common sense that everyone knew in 1850.

   Then Georgia Terry turned her head and grinned at Xu Yun, revealing the back molars with a vegetable leaf attached:

   "Luo Feng, you are finished, you are digging a grave for yourself!"

  Looking at Georgia Terry, who was smiling like the elder of Soul Hall, Xu Yun shook his head lightly:

   "Mr. Terry, the experiment is not over yet, why are you in a hurry."

   "The unlucky guy who opened champagne in the last half is still being counted by football all over the world."

   Finished speaking.

  Xu Yun pressed another button.

  ka—

   With a soft sound.

  In the position of the original imaging plate, another white spar plate appeared.

  Xu Yun stretched out his hand, pointed at the spar board and said:

   "As you can see, this is a nonlinear crystal plate with a scattering cross-section function."

   "After the electrons hit the crystal plate, they will leave some traces on it, which has the same effect as the imaging plate."

   "It's just that compared with the previous imaging plate, it can record phenomena without using electronic equipment - this has been verified by Professor Faraday."

  Faraday on the side nodded cooperatively.

   Mentioned earlier.

  Due to the deliberate distortion and exaggeration of some marketing accounts.

  Electron or photon double-slit interference experiments, there are many experimental processes that have been severely distorted.

  For example, the 'camera' mentioned earlier.

  In the electronic double-slit interference experiment, its output is roughly like this:

  Light source→double slit→imaging plate.

  The cameras mentioned by those marketing accounts are located at the position of the double slits, saying that they can see the trajectory of electrons.

   But actually.

  At present, humans do not have any means to directly observe which slit the photon or electron has passed through.

  The 'camera' here actually refers to the detection method, that is, the detection instrument located at the position of the 'imaging plate', not on the double slit at all.

   Without turning on the instrument, interference fringes appear.

  Turn on the instrument, and there are two rods.

  The currently accepted explanation is that the instrument records information when it is turned on, which leads to the collapse of the particle wave function.

  Wave function is a relatively complicated concept, and it is understood as a specific 'function' that forms waves.

  Similar to the steel structure of a building.

   This function will fail once it is observed, just like ice will melt in the sun.

  As soon as the 'reinforced structure' collapses, the 'building' of volatility will naturally disappear.

  There is no wave function, so the particles show the particle nature.

  Photons or electrons, or any kind of microscopic particles, all conform to the above law.

   Just different from photon yes.

   When the instrument is not turned on, it is difficult for you to see its trajectory.

  Photons will 'glow', if you don't turn on the instrument, put a black board or a non-chief such as Moon See Hei behind.

   But electrons are different:

  It can only be 'visualized' through the electron cloud.

   Therefore, it is more difficult to visualize electrons without turning on the instrument, so we have to think of other ways.

   What Xu Yun used this time is the more common lattice method in later generations.

  In a periodic lattice, relativistic or non-relativistic electrons will broaden the energy band due to lattice period modulation.

  Electrons will appear some black traces after passing through its scattering cross section, and later generations developed angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.

  Strictly speaking, this method actually examines the excited energy band.

  It's like a meteorite hitting a big crater after it fell on the ground. The energy, speed, and size of the meteorite can be deduced through the conditions of these craters, which is substantially different from seeing the meteorite directly.

   But in the physics world in 1850, it was okay to say that it could detect electrons.

  Fudge and it's over.

  Looking at the new things Xu Yun tinkered with.

  Georgia Terry snorted again, put his hands behind his back, and stopped talking in a very stylish manner.

  At this moment he felt like an angler who had caught a big fish, the fish was doing its final struggle, and he just had to slip the fish.

   After replacing the crystal plate.

  Xu Yun pressed the switch again.

  Boom boom boom—

   It is still exactly the same process as before.

   coil power generation,

  Electronic generation,

   filter,

   Acceleration.

  The scene was silent, and everyone was waiting for the final result.

after awhile.

  Georgia Terry couldn't help but look at the pocket watch in his hand, secretly counting the time when the fish took the bait:

   "There are still twelve minutes."

   Mai Mai and Lao Tang also showed a trace of tension and solemnity on their faces.

   Only Evelyn remained calm, not knowing what she was thinking.

Gradually.

  Some small black dots began to appear on the spar plate.

   More than ten minutes later.

  Xu Yun turned off the accelerator, and still asked Mai Mai to bring back the crystal plate.

   Three minutes later.

  Tired and like the donkey of the old Su family, Mai Mai ran back carrying the crystal board, grunting.

  As soon as the crystal plate was on the table, Georgia Terry rushed up again impatiently:

   "Aha, Luo Feng, let me see how you talk this time."

   As a result, the voice did not fall.

  Georgia Terry's rampant expression instantly froze on his face, his pupils widened.

   After a few seconds.

  A cry of exclamation resounded through the scene:

   "How is this possible?!"

  I saw the crystal plate in front of Georgia Terry.

   There are many light and dark lines.

  Zebra Crossing!

   That is to say

  Under the same experimental procedure, the light (electron) unexpectedly exhibits two properties at the output end! !

Note:

   Three-day 4D update, I may not be able to survive today, please ask for a monthly pass

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end