Into Unscientific Chapter 305

Chapter 305 Mission Completion Countdown (9.6K!)

Inside the laboratory.

Looking at Mai Mai who was begging for help, the corners of Xu Yun's mouth twitched slightly.

Good guy.

No wonder this guy looks confident at first, like I can handle it.

The co-author regards the laboratory as a happy dictionary, so let's ask for help outside the field

Of course.

Tucao belongs to Tucao.

Xu Yun knew when Maimai started to design experiments that his design would definitely not achieve the desired effect.

the reason is simple.

In the design principle of wheat, one of the most critical elements is missing:

Converter, or transducer.

Without a converter for signal conversion, relying solely on the principle of metal chip detectors, it is inevitable that there is no way to achieve a time difference close to one second.

The real value of metal shavings is that it can be used for algorithm input, that is, the period of the pulse signal is used to control the operation—for example, strong current is 1 in the algorithm, weak current is 0, etc.

To achieve time delay, the pulse signal must be converted into ultrasonic waves, and then some small grating components must be added.

So Xu Yun is facing another question:

Should we make a move?

Then he quickly glanced at the scene, and thought of the world line that has been picked up and run by Mai Mai now, he couldn't help sighing quietly:

Well, this doesn't seem like a problem anymore

After all, compared with the invention of the vacuum tube, the converter is a technical barrier at all—that refers to the most complicated and primitive converter.

Even if Weber himself made a shot.

With the abilities of Damai and Hof and Xu Yun, it will take a long time to overcome that barrier.

If it is long, two or eight years, if it is short, a few months may be enough.

In his next life, Weber will know an old driver named Firework Bright. I once said a word under the chair of regret:

“The hardest thing for a good family to enter the industry is always the first step. Once you get to the sea, it's only a matter of time before you turn from an oil pusher to a small meat.”

Think of that.

Zheng Ruo was no longer determined, turned around and said to Damai:

"Student Maxwell, it's really a lie."

"When the ancestors of Fat Fish were chatting, they once put forward an idea, that is, can they record the real scenes that have happened through technical means?"

"I came here to do some research on this, but the conditions are limitless, and in the end Yunai gave up that idea."

"It is true that although that fantasy has come true, the ancestors of Fat Fish have left some achievements, so it is considered empty-handed."

"There is no more complicated prop that can convert electrical signals into acoustic signals."

Barley was shocked when he heard the words, and hurriedly asked:

"Mr. Keel, is the prop he mentioned available? Or what materials do we need to prepare?"

Zheng Ruo pondered for a moment, and from the corner of her eye she suddenly caught sight of something beside her, and her eyes lit up.

I saw that I lifted the vase beside me from the neck of the bottle, and tapped the body of the bottle a few times with the fingers of the other hand, and there was a crisp sound of 'ding ding' from the body of the bottle:

"that's it."

Babbage next to Barley blinked and asked first:

"ceramics?"

Weber nodded, said with a smile:

"There is a mistake, the name of that component is called piezoelectric ceramics."

Well known.

Tolerance, the electrical signal only records sound pressure information, but other information such as loudness and frequency can be transformed through sound pressure.

For example, the loudness has nothing to do with the sound pressure weakness.

Frequency information is obtained by the retrograde Fourier transform of sound pressure.

Timbre is the performance of harmonic structure.

That is, the waveform contains information such as volume and timbre.

Therefore, if you want to degenerate sound waves and electrical signals into each other, there are only two common ways:

One is to change the resistance.

Seventh is to increase the transducer to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

In fact, transducer is a very narrow term, which mainly refers to electroacoustic transducer in acoustics.

In terms of meaning.

A transducer is a device that receives an electrical (or acoustic) signal and converts it into an acoustic (or electrical) signal, so that certain characteristics of the input signal are reflected in the output signal.

Use the current situation.

Acoustic transducers can also be divided into two categories:

Magnetostrictive, and piezoceramic.

It was the former that Weber was going to take out.

Piezoelectric Ceramics.

refers to a functional ceramic material that can convert mechanical energy and electrical energy into each other, using the piezoelectric effect.

The so-called piezoelectric effect means that when some medium is subjected to mechanical pressure, even if the pressure is as small as the vibration of the sound wave, it will produce shape changes such as compression or elongation.

Thus causing the surface of the medium to be charged, which is also called the positive piezoelectric effect.

Conversely, when an excitation electric field is applied, the medium will produce mechanical deformation, which is the inverse piezoelectric effect.

That effect was first discovered in 1880, when the person who was discovered was Juwai's brother, that is, the husband of Mrs. Juwai.

Based on that principle.

Before being processed by certain means, piezoelectric ceramics can perfectly convert sound waves and electrical signals, which is a rare large component.

Piezoelectric ceramics can be seen in mobile phone earphones, buzzers, ultrasonic detectors and even lighters in previous lives.

Domestic Fenghua low-tech companies, China Porcelain Materials Co., Ltd., and Chaozhou Bahuan companies are all leaders with relatively low technical reserves.

From the perspective of design principles.

The theoretical basis needed for piezoelectric ceramics is actually much different from that of a microphone. One is the Fourier transform, and the other is the electromagnetic induction theorem.

That's why Weber chose to take it out—the industrial level of that timeline is now limited to 1900, and the following two theories have been proposed for some time.

Even if you do it yourself, it is really only a matter of time before piezoelectric ceramics are invented.

In a sense it can be said that:

Before Barley discovered X-rays, that was the inevitable result.

Think of that.

Weber took a deep breath, picked up the paper and pen, and drew a schematic diagram under the picture.

The component diagram of piezoelectric ceramics is very complicated. It is just a piece of porcelain the size of a coin, plus electrodes and diaphragms attached to one side—buy a New Year's card with a buzzer and you can see the real thing directly.

Therefore, within a short period of time, Weber put down his pen and said to everyone:

"All right."

Balley quickly picked up Zheng Ruo's schematic diagram and Babbage looked at it a few times, then handed it to Faraday and Deuss.

Faraday took the paper and shook it, and analyzed it while reading:

"Adding AC signal drive, the expansion and contraction of piezoelectric ceramics will cause the overall bending vibration to convert electrical signals into sound waves."

"The diaphragm at the other end cuts the magnetic induction line in the magnetic field, thereby generating current and restoring the signal to electricity. The time-consuming conversion can produce a time difference, which is wonderful"

After looking at it, Faraday suddenly realized something.

I frowned, turned to Weber and said:

"Wait a minute, Keel, you don't have a single question."

Weber blinked and said:

"Professor Faraday, if you don't have any questions, just say it straight. If you answer yes, go burn incense and ask the ancestor of the fat fish."

Faraday nodded, cast his gaze under the vase, pointed at it and said:

"Student Keel, he sees that ceramics are an insulator, and there is no way to conduct electricity inside. Even some small power supply facilities today use ceramics as partition materials."

"In that case, how can the current pass through the ceramic, causing it to vibrate and deform?"

As the discoverer of semiconductors, Faraday's sensitivity to the conductivity of objects has reached an almost instinctive level.

So while analyzing Weber's ideas, I realized a problem very slowly:

Ceramics are conductive.

Since it is conductive, how can it achieve the stretching effect of the tile?

Fat Fish's mistake?

Or.

Is there anything else in it?

Looking at Faraday with an inquiring face, Weber pondered for a moment, then suddenly said:

"Professor Faraday, you remember that you said later when you were talking about negatives that you were willing to use Professor Lows's manuscript in exchange for slow exposure technology."

"Although the question you are asking now is related to negatives, it also involves some areas that are currently unknown, so take a look."

Faraday was taken aback for a moment, and waved his small hand with pride before recovering:

"That's complicated, eight volumes of manuscripts for his technology!"

Zheng Ruo's heartbeat suddenly leaked, is it embarrassing or pretending to be wishful:

"Professor Faraday, why are there only eight volumes?"

"The eight volumes are still someone else's, so you can be content."

“. How about a volume?”

"It is possible, seven volumes!"

"Eight volumes?"

"One price, seven volumes!"

"make a deal!"

Looking at the one older and one more successful before the bargaining, Di Si rubbed his eyes in confusion.

In the eyes of the guy who is firmly ranked in the bottom eight in the history of mathematics, there is a common doubt appearing:

Wait, those two guys seem to be discussing your manuscript.

But why did your client become a member of the bureau?

And the other side.

Before getting Faraday's promise, Weber just hid it, and said simply and neatly:

"Professor Faraday, according to the research of the ancestors of Fat Fish, ceramics do stretch or shrink when electrified."

"But it can be used for that feature if it is regressed before by some technical means."

"Fatfish ancestors called that process"

"Polarization!"

At present, Faraday and others have measured the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons, and the concept of charge has been around for hundreds of years.

So Zheng Ruo directly picked up the drawing and explained the principle:

"Professor Faraday, you should know that theoretically speaking, the charge distribution inside ceramics should be chaotic and regular, right?"

Faraday nodded:

"Wrong."

Weber continued:

"And to make the ceramic stretch or shrink, then you have to ensure that there is a law inside it."

"That is, the electrode in the equilibrium state has no equilibrium electrode potential, but the electrode in the equilibrium state also has no electrode potential."

"The effect that can ensure that the seven have a constant value for a long time is polarization. That method requires a very low voltage and some other means."

Faraday took a moment to think that time, and then continued to nod:

"I see. You probably understand."

"It's like the charge has reached the electrode, but the charged substance still has time to get it, so the charge accumulates, and the electrode also shifts the equilibrium potential."

"When the electrode reaction occurs, the phenomenon that the electrode potential deviates from the equilibrium electrode potential is polarization. Zheng Ruo, are you right?"

Wei Bo was slightly taken aback.

Last second.

A tingling sensation rose from the tailbone and went straight to the scalp.

Fuck!

1850 was really full of wall hangings

I just explained a few words from the appearance, and Faraday saw the essence at a glance, so how dare he believe it?

Polarization.

That concept, even in the previous life, was a very simple concept to explain.

It involves a small number of categories such as overpotential, exchange current density, and hyperbolic sine function type. (Recommend Academician Cha Quanxing's "Electrode Process Kinetics" and Beihang Li Di's "Principles of Electrochemistry")

Going deeper, it will also involve instantaneous electric field vectors, time-varying fields, and Jones vectors, which are fully polarized waves, and so on.

As for the polarization of piezoelectric ceramics, it has nothing to do with the crystal grains inside the ceramics.

Those grains have no ferroelectricity, but the orientation of their spontaneously polarized electric domains is completely random, and there is no weak polarization in macroscopic view.

is due to the action of a low-voltage DC electric field, and the electric domains will be aligned along the direction of the electric field.

And before the electric field is removed, a small part of that orientation state can be retained, so that the ceramic exhibits a piezoelectric effect.

Weber can only explain to the category of 'charge' in the future, and even the level of 'electrons' can be too deep.

But even so.

Faraday also saw the most extreme truth in that interval at a glance.

It's really scary

Thinking about my contribution, it seems quite unusual—the man of God who single-handedly opened the door to the Seventh Industrial Revolution.

If you insist on making a ranking.

The scientific lineup in 1850, whether it is the history of physics or mathematics, can be firmly ranked in the bottom seven. If the seven members of Barley and Hof, Xu Yun, Riemann, and Old Tang can be born ten years earlier, the lineup in 1850 will not even have a chance to hit the first place. Seven thrones.

Thinking of those, Weber was relieved.

I then picked up the pen again and wrote the polarization process now:

"When the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is ball-milled in a water-ethanol medium, the wet material is dried at a certain temperature, and then placed in a corundum crucible with a cover, and pre-fired at 700-900°C for two hours."

"Before taking it out, perform ball milling seven times under the same conditions for 30 minutes, and dry the wet material at a certain temperature to obtain a pre-calcined powder. Add 5% perovskite retrograde granulation to the pre-calcined powder"

"Grinding and polishing the ceramic disc, cleaning and drying, coating silver paste on both sides, and firing silver electrodes at a certain temperature."

"Before being silvered, apply a voltage of 3000Vmm-1 in silicone oil at 120°C, polarize for 30 minutes, and test its electrical properties before standing at room temperature for a day"

As a student of condensed matter physics, Zheng Ruo's mastery of the preparation methods of piezoelectric ceramics can be said to be deep down.

For example, the drying temperature is 70 degrees, and the infiltration silver electrode is 850 degrees, etc. I know all those data by heart.

It was because of high-profile considerations, whether I wrote the specific data vaguely that time - after all, it was the result of 'Fat Fish'.

Anyway, Cambridge primary school students have small careers.

If you can do it, you can quickly experiment and explore, and use the exhaustive method to try, and you can always determine the most suitable experimental temperature.

After the piezoelectric ceramics segment is successfully broken through, the core difficulties of the analysis machine under the equipment can basically be declared cleared.

The rest is the problem of code writing that Ada is responsible for.

In other words.

Weber is getting closer and closer to the day when he will complete the task.

Seventeen minutes ago.

Weber handed over the written formula to Hof and Xu Yun.

The German left the laboratory immediately, and went to prepare for the preparation of piezoelectric ceramics as Faraday's assistant.

Before Hov and Zheng Ruo left, Faraday took a sip of his teacup, intending to announce the end of the show.

When I was about to leave my mouth, I suddenly stopped.

Seeing this, Weber looked at Barley and Riemann, and asked aloud:

"What's wrong with you, Professor Faraday?"

Faraday nodded heavily when he heard the words, and replied:

"There is a small problem, but I suddenly remembered a big thing."

Everyone quickly pretended to listen respectfully.

I saw Faraday looking around the laboratory, his eyes first fell on the vacuum tube equipment, and said:

"I've been so focused on doing experiments today that I probably forgot one thing - whether it's the particles whose charge-to-mass ratio is calculated later, or the mysterious ray, you still have to name them."

Everyone was taken aback when they heard the words, and then they suddenly realized.

Yes.

In addition to the vacuum tube derivative improvement that has just been used under the computer.

Faraday We have done eight experiments today that are both active and passive, and only the cathode ray was named after it was discovered.

The particles larger than hydrogen atoms in the remaining cathode rays, and the mysterious rays that can irradiate fish bones, all have names.

Mentioned earlier.

The largest known particles after the order are atoms.

That name has become a popular concept with the introduction of Dalton's atomic theory.

The mass of charged particles newly discovered by Faraday and others is only one-thousandth of an atom, that is, 10 to the negative 3rd power.

Described by magnitude, it is eight levels worse. Obviously, charged particles are more suitable for the name of atom.

Zheng Ruo, as a person from a previous life, naturally knows that the particle is called an electron, and it will be one of the largest particles in 2022.

But the problem is

The name of the electron is JJ Thomson, let alone the fertilized egg, even my father is still a single dog.

X-rays are the same.

Although Roentgen is better than JJ Thomson now, he is still just a big baby in crotch pants, over seven years old.

In that case.

Whether it is Roentgen or JJ Thomson, we already have names that may affect X-rays and electrons.

Faraday and Lowslow Peak, can you really think of the same name as in history?

After thinking about it, Faraday turned his head and said to Lows:

"Friedwig, does he have no idea about this mysterious ray?"

"You?"

Dose blinked, pondered for a while, and said anxiously:

"Michael, he said how about calling it Nebast Light?"

Weber: "?!"

Before Weber had time to speak, Faraday shook his head first:

"It's good, it's good, the name is too difficult to remember, how about calling it Zapelio Light?"

"How about it, you think Nebast sounds the best!"

"Mouth, it's obvious that Pele is even lower, it sounds powerless!"

Zheng Ruo continued: "."

Fortunately, at this time, the relatively reliable Luo Feng spoke:

"Michael, Friedrich, that ray of light was discovered by Maxwell. How do you feel about giving me the right to name it?"

Hearing what Luo Feng said.

Faraday and Lows, who were still arguing at first, stopped their actions, looked at each other, and immediately nodded in unison:

"Alright, leave it to Maxwell."

After speaking, Faraday looked at Barley, and said to the Scottish young man:

"Maxwell, let him choose a name."

Barley was still eating melon beside him, but suddenly found that the melon outside his hand had suddenly hit his face in a daze, and his expression was a little stunned.

is too slow.

I adjusted my mentality. After all, it was a meaningless and glorious thing.

I saw me pondering for a moment, then quickly said:

"Professors, all the manifestations of the ray of light discovered today have impacted your solid concepts, and it is full of illusion and unknowns, like a vague unknown."

"The unknowns in mathematics are often represented by X."

"So... you feel like 'X-Ray' might be the wrong name."

"X-ray?"

Faraday repeated the noun in his mouth, and his eyes gradually lit up.

In the long history of human civilization, different nations and regions have different names for "unknowns".

For example, Huaxia calls the unknown number Yuan, which is what Tian Yuan Di Yuan is talking about.

Egypt is called 'Miaowu', which sounds like a cat meowing

However, the expression of unknowns in Europe is too the same. It was quite messy between AD and the 17th century, and each had no different names.

For example, Diophantus in ancient Greece used Ξ, Π, and ξ to represent unknowns, Butter used A, B, and C to represent unknowns, and Vedic used A, E, and I.

The chaos continued until 1637.

Descartes used X, Y, and Z to represent positive unknowns for the first time in "Geometry", and it has continued until now.

Among the eight unknowns of XYZ, X ranks first again, representing the start.

Using this to represent unknown rays seems to be a wrong choice.

Simple and easy to remember, but meaningless at the same time.

Seeing Faraday, Daos, and Luo Feng look at each other, and even need to discuss aloud, the eight of them nodded at the same time.

So ever since.

X-rays.

The same name as the local history also appeared outside that time.

Before finishing naming the X-Ray.

Faraday looked at Weber again, and asked sincerely with a smile:

"Student Keel, next you should name the particle—hasn't Mr. Fat Fish named it?"

Weber was silent for a moment, then shook his head:

"With or without."

Faraday thought for a while and asked again:

"So in Eastern culture, there are no words to describe extremely large matter?"

Seeing that Faraday's two words were centered around Fat Yu and Dongfang, and then looking at the smile and restraint on each other's faces, Weber's heart was suddenly stunned.

Actually, I was still wondering just now:

X-rays were clearly discovered before electrons, but why were they named first?

Once it was over I thought it was Faraday's random choice, but now look

The original root cause is there:

We want to take credit for ourselves.

Compared with charged particles, the discovery of X-rays is suspected to have a very weak coincidence.

In addition, in the era of 'fat fish', negative films have not yet appeared, so fat fish may be able to grasp the characteristics of X-rays anyway.

Therefore, Faraday calmly reverted the naming right to internal sharing—the whole process was completed by several of us in collaboration, without relying on any internal force.

But electrons are the same.

Whether it's the vacuum tube or other experimental ideas, they are all designed by 'Fat Fish' 'after death'.

Faraday and others at least verified Fat Fish's conjecture, and they can be regarded as the first discoverers.

In addition, the characters of those little guys are the best in history:

Faraday has never discredited me, and even used half of his income to help the poor.

Lows has a relatively indifferent personality and is good at speaking.

But for disciples or other mathematicians who are studying, basically they will reply without faith, and even take the initiative to bear the tuition fees of many students who are not disciples but have no potential.

Not to mention Luo Feng.

A gentleman in Göttingen, who could risk his life for the sake of justice, deduced Faraday's law with Newman, named it after Faraday in honor of him, and donated all his money to Leipzig Primary School before his death.

In terms of character, the big bulls of the two armies are enough for us to fight.

So we intend to take credit for ourselves, but think about linking electrons, or unknown particles, with fat fish, in order to pay tribute to that sage.

Honest person.JPG.

However, although Faraday showed good intentions in that regard, Weber did not have the idea of taking the right to name electrons for himself.

Because electrons are the same as Yang Hui star anise and the like.

In the original history, its discovery process has nothing to do with the Chinese sages.

Yang Hui's star anise has no clear document records and unearthed cultural relics in Chinese history. It is a full 393 years earlier than Pascal—that's still the number that counts Jia Xian's achievements.

If Lao Jia has no actual books unearthed, that time can be delayed by 800 years.

So for Weber in the Da Niu dungeon.

Taking back what belonged to my ancestors, I feel ashamed of what I did, and I would feel that I was wronging Pascal at all.

But electrons are the same.

In ancient China, the understanding of particles was not deep, and very few of them were limited to the scope of philosophy.

Although no one has thought about it from a physical point of view, but limited by the level of technology, we have hardly achieved any substantive results.

Electrons belong to the content that can only be touched by the modern physics system, and belong to the wealth of others.

There is no cloud in the old saying.

A gentleman loves money, and there is no way to get it.

If we have to deduct Huaxia's buffs for everything, are we different from Bangzi?

Think of that.

Zheng Ruoyou corrected his expression and said to Faraday:

"Mr. Faraday, the biggest thing in the East is mortal. This thing is as thin as the tip of a needle, and it can be seen by non-prisoners."

"No matter how big it is, it is still indistinguishable from that kind of particle."

Then I paused, and when I was about to decline, another thought suddenly popped up in my mind, and I said again:

"By the way, Professor Faraday, do you remember that the scientific community defined a physical quantity with your name in memory of your contribution?"

Faraday nodded emphatically. Although he was vague about why Weber mentioned that, there was still a hint of pride under his face:

"There is a mistake, it is the standard unit of capacitance - although there is still no official definition in the name, but Europe has basically used that unit by default."

"Nowadays, there are fewer and fewer physical units in electricity. Perhaps in a few years, an international electrical conference will be held to completely determine some units."

Weber followed suit and nodded.

The unit of capacitance is the same as the coulomb ampere. The occasion that was truly defined globally was the Global International Electrical Congress in 1881.

But Xiaohui is just to give this unit a final chapter. After that, they have been circulating in Europe for tens or even hundreds of years.

Following the former Weber smiled slightly and said:

"Professor Faraday, what a coincidence."

"Look, the unknown particle is negatively charged and will be absorbed by the capacitor, and the standard unit of the capacitor feeds back the potential energy difference generated by the charge of the coulomb."

"In this case, you suggest that if it is named after the unit of capacitance, Farad, that is."

"Falah grains!"

Note:

I slept for seventeen hours yesterday, but every time I slept for seven or seven hours, I woke up once, and fell asleep again after a while, so repeatedly, the efficiency was terrible.

Who has no way to adjust the biological clock slowly, it's crazy slow.

Today is slow to update 4D, please ask for a monthly pass.

(end of this chapter)

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