Into Unscientific Chapter 451

  Chapter 451 I, Xu Yun, never cheat

   Hearing Xu Yun's words.

   On the first row.

  Witten, who had just sorted out a document and was about to continue to calculate according to the existing plan, subconsciously stopped his movements.

  Then he raised his head, adjusted his glasses lightly, a ray of doubt flashed across his face, and asked Xu Yun:

   "Dr. Xu, do you have any ideas?"

  Xu Yun glanced at Zhou Shaoping, who had a little worry in his eyes, nodded, and said:

   "There is a problem."

"you say."

  Xu Yun stretched out his hand and pointed to the computer in front of Weiteng:

   "Professor Witten, I think some of the links we preset before seem to be a bit ill-considered."

"Thoughtless?"

  Witten frowned, and tilted his head a little forward to the left. This is his habitual action when he encounters problems:

   "Dr. Xu, what do you mean?"

  Xu Yun walked quickly to his side, and the chubby Nima moved his position tactfully, revealing a small space for Xu Yun to stand on.

   "I am Xie Nima."

  Xu Yun first thanked Nima politely, then picked up the stylus, and marked several places on the screen:

   "Professor Weiteng, take a look here... and here, these two places."

  After Xu Yun draws the area.

  Witten poked his head forward and examined it carefully.

  The content of the first area drawn by Xu Yun is a static wave packet formula:

ψ(t, x→)=∫d3k→2EkG( k→ )uk→(t, x→)psi(t,vecx)=intfrac{d^3veck}{2E_k}G ( veck )u_{veck}(t, vecx)

  Here we go.

   Presumably the smart Zhong Suo Zhou has already seen it.

   That's right!

  The second term of this formula is a radial oscillating radiation flow, while the first term is a tangential surround flow around the polarization direction n.

   In other words.

   This is a mathematical description of the spin of a particle.

   under this formula.

   A particle with spin, either a boson or a fermion. In addition to the change of its speed under the Lorentz transformation, its conserved charge center or center of mass will also have an order of magnitude jump.

  This jump can be fed back into the mathematical expression, and thus, the covariation of the 'Pluto' particle is corrected.

  Considering that it is difficult for some students to understand, here is another really well-known concept:

  Scaling effect.

  Scale shrinkage effect is a special relativity effect, and it is a kind of distortion caused by the oppression of the mass body on the space.

  Human words mean that the length of a moving object in the direction of its movement shrinks in the view of the external reference system.

for example.

  In an enclosed space that runs in a straight line—like a car.

   There was a rare classmate sitting in the car. He was bored, so he threw an apple vertically.

  Then from the moment the apple is thrown to the moment the apple returns to the throwing point, the apple moves vertically twice between the two moments, that is, it rises vertically and falls vertically.

   Between two moments.

  The total distance of the apple motion is the sum of the two vertical motion distances.

   But, this is what happened in the car.

  In the eyes of people who are not moving in the car, the distance of the apple between the two moments of throwing and returning to the throwing point is a parabola.

  Because the length of the curve between two points is greater than the length of the straight line, that is to say, in the eyes of a person who is not moving outside the car, the total distance traveled by the apple during throwing and returning is greater than twice the vertical distance of the apple's vertical lift.

  At the same time, the measurable throwing speed of the apple is the same regardless of the person inside or outside the car.

   Otherwise, energy exists out of nothing.

  So ever since.

   According to the calculation of "time equals the ratio of distance to speed", people outside the car will feel that it takes more time for the apple in the car to go from being thrown to returning than the vertical lifting of the apple.

   That is to say, from the perspective of outsiders, the time in the car has been extended during this movement.

  The extended time increment is obtained by shortening the length of the car along the direction of motion from the perspective of outsiders.

  The faster the straight-line running speed of the car, the longer the available time in the car seen by outsiders (that is, the slower time passes), and the shorter the length of the car.

   That is, the closer to the speed of light, the more obvious the scaling effect. (It is recommended to insert an eye here, so as not to get lost in a certain plot in the future)

   It can also be seen from this that the theory of relativity does not completely exclude the existing achievements of classical physics.

  It just breaks through some limitations of the times in the understanding of classical physics.

all in all.

  The shrinking effect is to some extent a manifestation of the expansion of this formula to another level—note, it is to a certain extent.

  It plays a very important role in the special theory of relativity, and belongs to the category of 'base'.

   Hence the same reasoning.

  The wave packet formula drawn by Xu Yun can also be understood as a very important tool in the process of searching for 'Pluto' particles.

  Once there is a problem with this tool, the consequences will be unimaginable.

  Think here.

  Witeng couldn't help but looked up at Xu Yun beside him.

   Did not speak, but once again focused on the circled by Xu Yun

  In the second area.

  The calculation content in this area is more complicated, with more than a dozen lines of eloquence, which looks quite dazzling.

  They involve characteristic subspaces and chiral operators, which are represented by 4 base pairs in the spinor space C^4, corresponding to Dirac matrices.

  This characteristic subspace is the so-called left/right-handed screw, so that a Dirac screw can be written as the direct sum form of the left/right-handed screw.

   Well known.

  When considering a Dirac matrix acting on a 4-screw, it is actually the corresponding Pauli matrix acting on a 2-component left/right handed spinor.

  The eigenvalues ​​of the Pauli matrix are all {+1/2, -1/2}, which can be used to describe the algebraic properties of the 'Pluto' particle.

  Use real examples to illustrate.

  The two areas drawn by Xu Yun are like the sonar and positioning software of a fishing boat, which are two core tools that are essential for fishing.

  Among them, the positioning software can help the boat owner to find a suitable fishing position—for example, XX degrees east to west and so on.

  Sonar can further locate the fish after arriving in the area.

  If these two tools have problems as Xu Yun said

   Then there will be a situation:

  The fishing boat was navigating in a wrong direction. After sonar detection for a long time, it only detected the hook on the bottom of the fisherman in the sea, but nothing else.

   In this way.

  The consequences can be imagined.

   As a top smart person in the world, Witten quickly realized the seriousness of this matter.

  However, the importance of these data does not mean that there must be a problem if it is circled, and there is no necessary connection between the two.

  It is as important as nuclear weapons, but you run to the door of the relevant department and say that tomorrow the nuclear weapons in the world will explode?

  So Xu Yun wants to prove his guess is correct, and needs to come up with more intuitive evidence:

   "Dr. Xu, is there something wrong with the data in these two areas?"

  Xu Yun was obviously prepared for this, and quickly circled the values ​​of the shielding constant σ, and the single particle configuration n, l, ml, ms8.

   Then took a deep breath, organized some words, and said to Wei Teng:

   "Professor Witten, you should know that according to the Pauli exclusion principle, the multi-electron wave function must be exchange-antisymmetric—we have now extended this principle to other particles."

   "That is to say, when multi-particles interact, their wave functions must also be exchange-antisymmetric."

  Witten nodded:

   "yes."

  Xu Yun paused, then said:

  “At the beginning of the calculation, our method is to additionally introduce the central field approximation, and regard the effects of other particles on a single particle as a spherically symmetric mean field.”

   "This is equivalent to some particles having a certain shielding effect on the target particles, so values ​​such as shielding constants are derived."

   "But have you ever thought that under certain circumstances, multi-particles may be distorted by the isolated base vector, making the values ​​​​of n, l, ml, and ms8 meaningless?"

   "For example, Σ1241 hyperon, Ω2470 baryon, etc. Although there are very few particles that meet the conditions, this situation does exist."

  “It's like the navigation system of a ship is affected by external force. The navigation software can still be logged in, but it has already failed in essence.”

   "We currently know very little about the 'Pluto' particle, so theoretically this possibility should exist"

   Hear this statement.

  Witten No, to be precise, including Nima, Zhou Shaoping, Hutfut.

  Even Lao Yang and Higgs were stunned.

  Distortion of the isolated base vector?

This.

  Xu Yun's words made everyone on the scene silent for more than ten seconds.

   After regaining consciousness.

  Witten subconsciously glanced at Hutft, without any communication, the two flipped through the documents on the table at the same time.

   Followed by Zhou Shaoping, Nima, David Gross and others

  Even Elder Yang and Higgs couldn't help standing up from their seats, and with the help of Polyakov, they came down to Witten's side.

   After about half a minute.

  Witten closed the folder and quickly calculated on the arithmetic paper.

   Another five minutes passed.

  Witten's pen tip suddenly paused, there was a moment of silence, and he breathed a sigh of relief with emotion on his face.

  I saw him raise his head, looked at Xu Yun, and said slowly:

   "Dr. Xu, you are right, we made a fatal mistake."

   Students who have taken advanced physics should know it.

  The shape of the track in the textbook can be expressed by the wave function.

  However, the wave function is a complex number, and the complex number has an imaginary part—here refers to the particle orbit, not the hybrid orbit.

  So the current common way to optimize the wave function is to take the modulus, but this method has a very fatal feature:

  It will lose part of the degeneracy information.

  For example, for the Σ1241 hyperon, the result of taking plus or minus 1 for its m is the same.

   But m refers to mass, how can mass be negative?

  In this way, the spatial distribution of the wave function of the upper and lower components of the spinor wave function will be different.

   Mentioned earlier.

  Theories that have no problems in the direction of mathematics may not necessarily become physical axioms, such as M-theory.

  However, if the theory of physics conforms to reality, it must conform to mathematics—no matter how bad it is, it will not conform to mathematics temporarily, but it will definitely conform to it in the future.

  So for those particles that lose part of the degeneracy information.

  When they have uncorrectable misunderstandings in the field of mathematics, they must use another framework.

   But in general, this special particle is very rare.

  Currently, there are only seven particles that can cause this situation—including subatomic particles:

  N1675.

  Σ1241.

  N1880.

  Ω2380.

  Ω2470.

  △2200.

   and Pc4457. (See pdglive official website)

  Although the current number of basic particles is only 61, a large number of branches can be separated according to the decay parameters and pole structure:

  For example, there are 23 kinds of ∧ hyperons, and the number spans from 1380 to 2585.

  And there are eight kinds of baryons to which the ∧ hyperon belongs.

   such as N, Ω, △, etc.

  These subatomic particles are scattered and added together, and the total number is 9643. This is the official data of CERN, and you can search for pdglive to check it.

   Therefore, in the case of relatively tight time, Wei Teng and others subconsciously ignored this small probability situation.

   This is not to say that they are not capable or careless, but that there are too many issues to consider, and the priority of this low-probability situation is very low.

  For example, the spin mentioned many times before, such as the state of the spatial angular distribution. These are the details that need to be considered.

   In fact, it is not only Wei Teng, Xu Yun himself is also puzzled.

  He didn't think about this detail at all at first. What he considered was whether he could start with the identical effect and try to calculate some properties of the unknown particle.

   The result is unknown.

  In a short period of time, he couldn't think of anything in his mind as if he was breastfeeding, but he just thought of the distortion of the isolated base vector.

   Maybe this is the flash of inspiration in the legend

all in all.

  Although this oversight was not so obvious, it was almost fatal.

   Fortunately, Xu Yun reminded him, otherwise the consequences would be unimaginable.

  Think here.

  Witeng quickly cast a grateful look at Xu Yun, and firmly held his hand:

   "Thank you so much, Dr. Xu Yun!"

  Xu Yun smiled very modestly:

   "Professor Wei Teng, you are welcome. This is what I should do. Our time is limited, so let's try to solve the problem first."

  Witten obviously understood that time was running out, so he let go of Xu Yun's hand decisively.

   But in the second before letting go, he exerted a little force on the palm of his hand, and everything was said without saying anything.

   Then Witten pondered for a moment, then turned to look at Higgs:

   "Mr. Higgs, I might need a favor from you right now."

   Mentioned earlier.

   Higgs himself won the fame and the Nobel Prize because of the Higgs particle, but the essential reason for his honor is actually the discovery of the Higgs mechanism.

  The Higgs particle is just a proof of the Higgs mechanism, and the latter is obviously higher technically.

   In the current situation where one of the eigenstate frameworks has problems, Higgs is a well-deserved candidate to fill in the gaps.

   In the words of the Internet, it is a professional counterpart.

  Higgs, who is now 93 years old, is only seven years younger than Yang Lao, and his spirit is not particularly good, and he seems a little reluctant.

   But after hearing Witten's request.

   Higgs pulled himself together to save face, came to the table, picked up a pen, and began to calculate seriously.

  Witten and their mistakes were mainly due to the loss of some degenerate information, but there was no big problem with the basic data.

   So fast.

  Higgs wrote a completely new configuration:

  L, (2S+1), J

  ab=Re[Aei(wt+α)Bei(wt+β)]=ABcos(2wt+α+β)

  [t,k]=meshgrid(tVector,1:n)

  ab=τ1∫0τabdt=21ABcos(α+β)=Re[21AeiαBeiβ]=21Re[ab]

  The first value represents the angular frequency, followed by the optimization of the real part, which perfectly optimizes the wave function of these special particles. (Refer to Weinberg's notes, which were compiled and released after his death. If Weinberg hadn't passed away, I would actually like to arrange for him to write it himself)

   Then Wei Teng and others studied the formula with their heads together for a few seconds, and Zhou Shaoping suddenly let out a sigh:

   "Hey, if calculated according to this modified configuration, the base of the 'Pluto' particle is easy to determine, but it seems to be somewhat difficult on the equal-energy surface of the momentum space."

   The iso-energy surface of the momentum space.

   is the so-called Fermi surface.

  The Fermi surface was first defined in the ideal non-interacting Fermi gas system, and later extended to the electronic model, and it is common in the category of solid materials in recent years.

   Such as semiconductors.

  The actual energy state structure of a semiconductor is the energy band given by the perturbation of the periodic potential field, such as the valence band, conduction band, etc., where the electrons are filled.

  For semiconductors, the valence band is almost filled, and the highest filling position is the top of the valence band.

  At the same time, according to the number of particles, the Fermi surface can be determined.

  However, this concept is also applicable to some high-energy physics frameworks, because its essence is the movement of free electrons in a three-dimensional infinite potential well.

  Electrons correspond to λ=h/p, so a standing wave is formed in the conductor.

  Then according to the definition of the wave vector, the wave vector value of the standing wave where a single electron is located can be determined.

  So this thing also conforms to a distribution, called the Fermi-Dirac distribution, which belongs to the category of wave-particle duality.

  At present, all particles have wave-particle duality, even the 'Pluto' particles are no exception.

  So it is not an easy task to define the Fermi surface of the 'Pluto' particle, that is, to lock the boundary region between its occupied state and unoccupied state.

Of course.

  In many cases, difficulty and reward are equivalent.

  If the frame that Higgs corrects is [Positioning System] and [Sonar].

  Then the equal-energy surface of the 'Pluto' particle in the momentum space is equivalent to the big fishing net for fishing.

   Navigation direction and fish school location are the basis of fishing. If you really want to catch fish, you can't do it without fishing nets. In fact, this sentence is more in line with the current situation.

   That is, with a fishing net, fishing is much easier.

   Then Wei Teng flipped his wrist and glanced at his watch.

   At this time, there are still three hours and five minutes before the final time limit given by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

   "Everyone."

  At this point, Wei Teng's originally gentle face also showed a little excited rosiness:

   "As you can see, so far, our mathematical calculation results are actually in line with the theoretical model—especially after optimizing a new configuration."

   "So I would like to ask everyone to work harder and try to calculate the Fermi surface data of that particle within two hours, please!"

   Wei Teng's words were clearly recorded by the radio equipment and disseminated. After a delay of 15 seconds, it spread throughout all live broadcast rooms at home and abroad.

  Hou Xingyuan in the backstage saw this, couldn't help smiling at Academician Pan beside him and said:

   "Xiao Pan, this Weiteng man is really smart."

  Academician Pan also nodded in agreement.

  Witten's words didn't hide the request in his tone at all. It seemed that his posture was very low. If he added a romper, he would think it was a neon bowman.

  But for Zhou Shaoping, Nima, Higgs and others opposite him, this kind of behavior also put them in a high position:

  I've said this in public, so you guys have to show some face, right?

  In addition, if the 'Pluto' particle really exists, its influence on the physics world will probably be second only to dark matter:

   Judging from the current properties, the particle of 'Pluto' is definitely special in some respects—assuming it really exists.

  Because of reason, these bosses are not easy to refuse.

in addition

  Wei Teng's remarks are aimed at all the bosses in the first row.

  But the people he was facing were Zhou Shaoping and Yang Lao.

   Otherwise, how could Hou Xingyuan say that others are smart? He can make the best solution in this situation, and he doesn't make others feel bad at all.

   It can only be said that he is worthy of being a person who once participated in the presidential election team.

   In addition to Hou Xingyuan, Lao Yang and Zhou Shaoping were also aware of this.

only

  Now Mr. Yang obviously doesn't have the physical condition to make a move.

  Although Mr. Yang, who is more than a hundred years old, is still thinking clearly, his computing skills and physical strength are no longer what they used to be.

  The sedentary sitting for several hours before and the verification of the lux value and the index mapping generator have consumed almost all of Yang's energy and physical strength.

  Therefore, Zhou Shaoping is the only one who can represent Huaxia at this time.

  Think here.

   Zhou Shaoping couldn't help but took a deep breath, whispered to Mr. Yang a few times, then turned his head to the side, and said in a prolonged voice:

   "Xiao Xu—"

  See this scenario.

  Xu Yun sighed slightly.

   drop—

   "The mind card has been activated."

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end