Into Unscientific Chapter 297

  Chapter 297 Push open the door to the microcosm!

   "Gustav, let's add an external field."

   Hear Faraday's words.

   Kirchhoff immediately went to the other side of the table and took out two electrodes.

   These two electrodes are made of metal, but the specific metal type cannot be seen. In short, it is either zinc or aluminum.

  Their size is somewhat similar to the tablet computers of later generations, the thickness is about **** wide, and some wires are connected to the outside.

   Well known.

  The research on cathode rays is actually a project with a long time span.

   After Pluck discovered cathode rays in 1858.

   It was not until early 1879 that Crookes would determine its energetic nature.

   Then it will be more than ten years before JJ Thomson will reveal its essence.

   But today it's different.

  Although Xu Yun did not reveal all the secrets of cathode rays at once, he has already told Faraday many key thinking nodes through his identity as a 'fat fish'.

  So Faraday can easily omit some meaningless time and maximize the efficiency of the experiment.

   For example, from complex property research, jump directly to the current

  Electrical testing.

   After taking out two electrode plates.

  Kirchhoff carefully placed the two pieces on both sides of the vacuum tube, fixed the position, and ensured that they were parallel to each other.

  Then connected the passage to the wires outside the vacuum tube, stepped back a few steps, and turned on the power.

soon.

  With the emergence of electromotive force, an electric field appears between two charged metal plates.

   A few more seconds passed.

  The blue and white light in the vacuum tube gradually began to change, from the original straight irradiation, it slowly began to become curved.

   After half a minute.

  The deflection of the light has been rotated by a large degree, which is clearly visible to the naked eye.

  See this scenario.

   Faraday, Weber, and Gauss all shrank their pupils at the same time!

   Faraday held his right hand on the back of the chair and held it tightly!

be honest.

  From the perspective of the phenomenon itself, the deflection of cathode rays is actually very simple:

   Now it turns towards the metal plate on the left, opposite to the preset direction of the electric field, so it is clearly negatively charged.

   But what surprised Faraday and others is not that the phenomenon is so simple on the surface, but because

  Cathode rays are actually subjected to electric field force!

To know.

   At the opening ceremony more than a month ago, Xu Yun has verified the theory of particles of light through the photoelectric effect.

  Currently this experiment has spread throughout the European scientific research community, helping the particle theory and the wave theory to return to the equal position.

  In the context of this precondition, the cathode ray will also be deflected, which explains one thing:

   Cathode rays are particle streams of charged particles!

   More critically.

  Visible light has wave-particle duality, but its 'particles' are not disturbed by electric and magnetic fields.

  So far, everyone can only use experiments to prove its physical properties, but it is difficult to 'capture' the existence of such particles.

   Light rays, which can be composed of charged particles, are different.

  It is not as inaccessible as electric current, because light is a substance that can be observed by the naked eye—this is the wrong knowledge formed by Xu Yun's deliberate guidance earlier.

   In this way.

  In addition to the charged properties of cathode rays, as long as physics and mathematics are combined, some detailed properties of that 'particle' will definitely be researched!

  Think here.

   Faraday couldn't help but sighed deeply.

  In fact, as early as 12 years ago, when the glow phenomenon was just discovered, he also tried to apply an electric field to the light.

  However, the vacuum degree of the vacuum tube was low at that time, and the electric field caused the ionization of the residual gas.

   eventually led to the complete failure of related experiments.

   It was the failure of this attempt that made Faraday completely give up the idea of ​​studying the glow phenomenon.

  What did I miss at the beginning?

   Then Faraday took a deep breath, forcibly put aside the sigh in his heart for a while, turned to Kirchhoff and said:

   "Go on, Gustav."

  Kirchhoff nodded, and stepped forward to take out a few more pieces of equipment.

  One of them is an artificially modified magnetic pole, which has a large area but is very thin.

  The other is an open copper barrel.

  The structure of the copper barrel is so simple that it does not even need to be described in words, and its appearance is infinitely close to the miniature version of the soup iron barrel in the canteen of later generations.

   But the thing also has a name, it's called a Faraday cylinder.

  It is combined with an electroscope to achieve the effect of verifying the electricity.

   Then Kirchhoff placed the entire magnetic pole under the test tube, and connected the Faraday cylinder to the position of the anode.

  Looking at Kirchhoff who was tinkering with the equipment, Xu Yun suddenly thought of something.

  He turned his head quietly, and glanced at William Weber who was beside him calmly.

   But it just so happened.

   Wei Bo happened to be looking here at this time, and couldn't help but smile kindly after meeting Xu Yun's gaze:

   "What's wrong, Luo Feng?"

  Xu Yun's expression froze when he saw this, and he quickly waved his hands with a dry smile:

   "It's okay, it's okay, there seems to be mosquitoes flying in the house, I just take a look."

   Wei Bo looked around suspiciously.

  It is the coldest end of December, can there still be mosquitoes?

   After retracting his gaze.

  Xu Yun bared his teeth lightly.

  Although the reason for the mosquito is a bit ridiculous, he can't tell Weber. He suddenly thought that Kirchhoff used to be his assistant, but now he has transferred to work under Faraday. He wants to see if Weber has any tauren performance.

   cough cough

   While Xu Yun and Weber were talking.

   Kirchhoff, who was tinkering with the equipment, also clapped his hands and said to Faraday:

   "Professor, the equipment is ready."

   Faraday nodded, came to the edge of the table, and pointed to the Faraday tube at the anode end:

   "Thank you, Gustav, let's start as planned."

  Kirchhoff nodded, and quickly walked to the Faraday bucket:

   "Okay, Professor."

  After Kirchhoff takes his position.

  Faraday first blocked the magnetic pole, and then began to adjust the cathode ray so that it could enter the Faraday cage in the anode through a slit.

   raised his head at the same time, and asked Kirchhoff:

   "Are you ready, Gustav, I'm coming in."

   "I'm fine, Professor."

   "Okay, I'll count down to three, three.two.one!"

   "Professor, the feedback is very intense, 20% 43% 59% 83% is almost full, the professor will overflow if he keeps going!"

   click—

   Faraday quickly stopped the radiation exposure, and gently wiped the sweat from his head.

   Fortunately, I stopped quickly, otherwise the electrometer would exceed the limit.

   That's right, the electrometer.

   No one should think of going elsewhere, right?

   Then Faraday walked to the side of the electrometer and scanned the value table:

   "9.6X10^6 Cullen Gustav, how much time has passed?"

  Kirchhoff glanced at the stopwatch in his hand:

   "15.6 seconds."

   Faraday nodded slightly, signaling Gustav to clear the calculation table.

   Then another thermocouple was added, and the irradiation started for the second time.

  The whole process is the same as the first time, the only variable is that as the light shines in, the thermocouple starts to heat up very quickly.

  Faraday pinched the stopwatch and carefully remembered the count:

   "12.513.415.6 seconds, stop!"

   After calling to stop the time, Faraday looked at Kirchhoff and asked:

   "Gustav, how much has the temperature increased?"

  Kirchhoff leaned down slightly, and compared them carefully on the scale:

   "Well 0.338 degrees."

  Faraday wrote down the number in the notebook again, and drew a stalk on the bottom with the tip of a pen.

  After thinking for a while, the last link started:

   Unseal the magnetic pole that was sealed just now.

  Students who have never scored zero in high school physics should know it.

   If a charged particle is only subjected to magnetic force in a uniform magnetic field, it will do circular deflection motion.

  The person who summarized this phenomenon is called Lorentz, so this force is also called Lorentz force.

It is worth mentioning that.

  The correct pronunciation of this force should be Lorentz + force, that is, the name plus force.

   Similar to Coulomb force, Ampere force and so on.

  But maybe the name Lorenz is too subtle, so teachers and students, including many high school teachers, will call it Lorenz Magnetism.

   In 1850, Lorentz would not be born for three years, so the concept of Lorentz force could not be proposed yet.

But on the other hand.

  Lorentz is the generalizer of the phenomenon of charged particles moving in a uniform magnetic field. He first put forward the view that moving charges generate a magnetic field and that the magnetic field has a force on moving charges, but he is not the discoverer of the phenomenon itself.

  As early as 1822, the German Owens tried an experiment:

  He put a small charged bead into a magnetic field and found that the bead would move in a circular arc.

  The reason why Lorenz was able to leave his name in related fields is that his contribution is not as simple as proposing a conjecture, but because he summed up a formula such as F=qvB*sin(v, B).

   It's like everyone said that Mavericks discovered gravity.

  This sentence is actually a more popular interpretation, which is wrong in a strict sense.

  But the public didn't need to touch on a deeper level, so there is such a relatively broad statement.

   There are not many people in the history of science who can become gods by relying on pure theory.

  So for Faraday and the others.

  By adjusting the strength of the magnetic field, it is not very difficult to balance the magnetic field force and the electric field force.

   After applying a magnetic field.

  Faraday turned off the metal electrode again and observed the phenomenon.

soon.

  Under the action of electromagnetic force, the ray begins to deflect.

  Faraday took a magnifying glass and a pre-made scale, and recorded the deflection graph.

  The next thing is very simple.

  I saw Faraday pick up the pen and paper, and wrote down a formula on the paper:

  Q=Ne.

  The origin of this formula is very simple.

   In the first step, Faraday uses an electrometer to measure the amount of electricity Q obtained by the metal cylinder within a certain period of time.

  If the number of particles entering the cylinder is N, and the electric charge carried by each particle is e, then Q is the product of N and e.

   Then Faraday turned another page and wrote another formula:

  W=N·1/2mv.

  The meaning of this formula is also very simple:

  After the same time, read the temperature rise. If the total kinetic energy W of the particles entering the cylinder is completely converted into heat energy due to collision, then the rising temperature can be used to calculate the total kinetic energy W.

  Since a particle is a particle, its kinetic energy must conform to the kinetic energy formula. Let me tell you in advance that the kinetic energy formula was proposed in 1829.

   Among them, m and v are the mass and velocity of the particle respectively, multiplied by the number of particles is the total kinetic energy.

  Then only the radius of curvature R and the magnetic field strength H of the particle movement track of the final magnetic pole deflection are required.

   Then we can get:

  Hev=mv/R.

   Substituting the above three formulas into each other, you can finally get a result:

  e/m=(2w)/(HRQ) (Thanks to the starting point, the background is finally optimized now)

   and e/m, that is.

  Charge to mass ratio!

  The so-called charge-to-mass ratio refers to the ratio of the charge to mass of a charged body, and is sometimes called the specific charge.

   This is one of the important data of elementary particles, and it is also a key step for human beings to push away the microcosm.

  When Xu Yun was listening to the wave equation, in order to make up for Faraday's mathematical level, he was given a Gaussian soul-possessed patch.

  But today, Gauss has arrived at the scene, so Xu Yun doesn't need to think about inviting God.

  Gauss took the pen and paper, and quickly calculated on the paper.

five minutes later.

  The little old man casually dropped the pen, and lightly shook the paper on his hand.

  I saw this moment.

  A number was impressively written on the paper:

  1.6638*10^11C/kg.

   Just as Gauss was about to brag, a familiar voice suddenly sounded beside him:

   "Ah, it's so strange"

Note:

   I did acupuncture again today, and it will be updated for one day tomorrow, and it will be updated the day after tomorrow! !

   Ask for a guaranteed monthly pass! !

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end