Into Unscientific Chapter 405

  Chapter 405 A day recorded in the history of human science (Part 2)

  Inside the laboratory.

  Looking at Lu Chaoyang with a serious face.

  Xu Yun swallowed heavily, then turned his head to look at everyone in the room.

  Zhang Han, Tang Fei, Guo Ping, and even Ye Zhi, the tool man in charge of ordering takeout, had serious expressions mixed with shock.

   Then he looked at Lu Chaoyang again, his voice became hoarse:

   "Professor Lu, what you said is true?"

  Lu Chaoyang smiled wryly upon hearing this, and handed the document to Xu Yun:

   "See for yourself."

  Xu Yun threw off the blanket on his body, took the document, sat up straight and read it.

   "Quadratic divergence parameter 3.445"

   "The orientation of the column graph is at right angles to the orientation of the electron parallel"

   "The parity difference is 226.5 points/1 billion."

at last.

  Xu Yun's eyes stopped on an item marked as U group.

  This project is divided into four columns: U1, SU2, SU3 and SL(2, C).

   Among them, SL(2, C) shows [+], and under the U1, SU2 and SU3 columns are

  【X】.

  See this scenario.

  Xu Yun's breathing stopped suddenly.

   It was introduced a long time ago.

  In the current particle theory, the particles that transmit the "force" are all bosons with spin one or two.

  So what kind of boson is transferred is called what kind of force.

   There are several kinds of these bosons, so we need to classify them.

  The standard of classification is symmetry, which is represented by groups in mathematics.

   Since the theories describing forces are called "gauge field theories", these groups are called gauge groups.

  Generally speaking.

  The bosons discovered so far can be divided into four groups, which correspond to the four basic forces mentioned earlier.

  respectively, the U1 group corresponds to the electromagnetic force, and corresponds to the photon.

  SU2 group corresponds to weak force, corresponding to W, Z boson,

  SU3 corresponds to the transfer strong interaction, corresponding to gluons.

   and SL(2, C) group correspond to the transfer gravitational interaction, and correspond to the graviton.

  In addition to the graviton, the other three particles have been found.

   See here.

  Maybe some children's boots will say that I understand, what Xu Yun and the others discovered is graviton.

  Unfortunately, not.

  Because the graviton will also participate in the electromagnetic interaction in theory, and because its spin is 2, the limit energy scale is involved in the field theory, which obviously does not meet the current experimental conditions.

   So what does this report mean?

  The first thing to emphasize is that

  These four groups can coexist in actual situations, that is, the situation that a certain particle has multiple functions at the same time.

   Give an inappropriate but understandable example:

  An author who is hoisted by the reader, the rope interacts with him electromagnetically, gravity interacts with him gravitationally, and the small universe in his body also interacts weakly.

   Therefore, when these four groups detect certain particle characteristics, the report generally shows that the effect of a certain column is strong or weak, rather than 0.

  For example, if a particle is in the U1 group, that is, the degree of electromagnetic interaction is relatively weak, it will be represented by 【-】.

  Strong is 【+】.

  If the corresponding behavior does not occur, then [X].

  All the current particles will participate in the gravitational interaction, so the subordinates of the gravitational interaction, that is, under the SL(2, C) group, there will only be [-] or [+].

  As for strong and weak forces, [X] can be seen occasionally.

   For example, Lepton.

  As for the U1 group, which is the column of electromagnetic interaction, only one particle will appear 【X】.

   That's the neutrino.

   And just today.

  In front of Xu Yun and the others, another brand new U1 group [X] particle appeared.

   More critically.

  Lone particle, its movement mode is 'blinking'.

  That is to say, its kinetic energy is much smaller than the corresponding static energy—this sentence was once explained by a fat man running 100 meters.

   On this basis.

  Lone point particles also have electrical neutrality, and there is no definition of static mass. That is, there is no entity in the microscopic world, so they only participate in the gravitational interaction.

  In the current scientific community, this particle or substance has a special title.

  Think here.

   Gollum—

  Xu Yun swallowed, and looked at Lu Chaoyang in shock:

   "So...Professor Lu, we discovered a kind of... dark matter?"

  Lu Chaoyang took a deep breath and nodded vigorously:

   "That's right, according to the results from the teacher, the probability is infinitely close to 100%."

  Xu Yun stared blankly at the document in his hand. After a long time, he sat down on his seat.

yes

  I should have thought of it long ago.

  An undetectable particle, doesn't it meet the definition of dark matter?

  Dark matter.

   This is a widely spread, but many people know little about it.

  The prototype of dark matter can be traced back to 1922.

  At that time, the astronomer Kaptan indirectly deduced that there might be invisible matter around the star system through the movement of the star system.

   Followed in 1933.

  Astrophysicist Zwicky used the spectral redshift method to measure the motion speed and state of each star cluster in the Coma galaxy cluster.

   It is found that the velocity dispersion of galaxies is too high. If the gravitational force generated by the visible mass of galaxies alone cannot bind these galaxies in the galaxy clusters, these galaxy clusters will fall apart.

  But the real "battle of fame" for dark matter took place in 1970.

  At that time, a female professor named Vera Rubin, who had the same name as the well-known rich woman at Qidian, carried out a measurement of the rotation curve of the Andromeda galaxy, the neighbor of the Milky Way, which is the galaxy M31.

  The so-called galaxy rotation curve refers to the function curve of the rotation speed of a star at a certain distance from the galaxy around the center of the galaxy.

   In human terms, it is revolution speed.

  If the gravity of the galaxy is only provided by visible matter, then it can be calculated that the rotation curve should show such an effect:

  The farther the star is from the center of the galaxy, the slower the rotation speed should be.

  However, when Vera Rubin made observations of the Andromeda galaxy, she discovered that .

  The actual rotation curve is beyond a certain distance.

  The farther the star is from the center of the galaxy, the rotation speed and interior remain almost constant.

   What does this mean?

   Students who have attended high school physics should know it.

  When the distance from the center of the galaxy is the same.

  V1 (that is, the slower speed it should have in theory) and V2 (the rotation speed observed by Vera Rubin), the centrifugal force of the two is completely different.

  The former is low and the latter is high.

  So if the gravity of the galaxy is only provided by visible matter, then theoretically, the star rotating with V2 will be thrown out of the galaxy.

unless

  Those stars are attracted by something that cannot be seen, and thus are bound in the galaxy.

   That is, the actual mass of the galaxy is greater than the mass calculated by observation.

   This is the root of all evil in dark matter.

   Wait until 2022, and there will be a lot of evidence for dark matter.

  For example, the total mass of galaxies (or galaxy clusters) obtained by multiple independent measurement methods is much more than the mass of ordinary matter in them.

   Another example is the observation of cosmic microwave background radiation.

  Another example is the simulation of the number of galaxy clusters formed at different cosmic ages, etc.

   Another thing to mention is.

  The current method of calculating the mass of galaxies is very mature, and there will not be too much error. (For details, see Chapter 281)

so what.

  The above situations are real. To explain these anomalies, people have two ways:

  One is to stick to the correctness of the known gravitational theory—that is, the general theory of relativity, but introduce some kind of electrically neutral matter to provide an additional gravitational source.

  This kind of particle only participates in gravitational force but not in electromagnetic interaction, so it cannot be detected by electromagnetic means, so it is called "dark matter",

  The second is not to introduce the concept of dark matter, but to modify the theory of gravity, so that the revised theory conforms to the astronomical measurement results in the large-scale structure of the universe.

  Particle physicists choose option one.

  Because after all, it is more economical and time-tested to introduce new particles, and the introduction of many earlier models was later proved to be correct, such as the Higgs particle.

   But general relativity theorists mostly prefer option two.

  Because I can eat again and grow up happily.

  The number of scientists currently holding the view that dark matter exists is much higher than the latter.

  For example, our country has launched the Wukong dark matter detection satellite to explore the sky, and there are many related projects abroad.

  A more accurate statement in the scientific community is as follows:

  In the total mass energy of the universe, only 4.9% of visible matter.

That is to say, the galaxies, nebula dust, stars, planets, etc. that we can see only account for 4.9% of the total mass energy of the universe, and there is 95.1%, which is 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy—this is not Minkoha, it is Cosmology is now a more unified view. (For example, this article 10.1126/science.1146676 of "Science" and this article org/10.1093/mnras/staa3016)

  But it needs to be clear.

  Although there are many, many evidences supporting the existence of dark matter in theory, the probability of the existence of dark matter is infinitely greater than that of 'graviton' - the infinite times here is not an exaggeration, but it is true.

  But up to now, human beings still have not discovered any kind of dark matter that is not a generalized concept.

   This thing is a bit like a black hole in a sense:

  Everyone knows that black holes exist, but it was not until the event horizon telescope photographed the accretion disk in 2019 that human beings actually confirmed the existence of black holes for the first time.

  Before that, the physics and astronomy circles could only use phenomena to show the existence of black holes.

  Dark matter is also the same.

   Before the discovery of neutrino oscillations, the scientific community has always believed that neutrinos are most likely dark matter.

   But after neutrino oscillations were discovered, this possibility was passed.

  Because neutrino oscillation proves that neutrinos move relativistically when galaxies are formed in the universe, if they are the main components of dark matter, they will hinder the formation of galaxies and even the large-scale structure of the universe, so they cannot be the main components of dark matter.

  Neutrinos are now classified as part of hot dark matter, that is, dark matter that moves at a speed close to the speed of light in vacuum and does not participate in electromagnetic interactions.

  It's as if the theory of evolution has been looking for a standard 'human ape', that is, the evolutionary intermediate between primitive humans and apes.

  But after looking around and finding no orangutans, they had no choice but to classify chimpanzees into the concepts of "half-step apes", "apes at the peak of Dzogchen", "can be hit by apes without dying".

   That is, hard calculations can be included, but it has no real meaning.

  There are only five particle models that theoretically meet the conditions of dark matter:

   Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs),

   axion,

  Inert neutrinos,

  Supermassive particles,

  Ultralight vector particles.

   The most interesting of these are WIMPs and supermassive particles.

  WIMP is also called cold dark matter. If such particles existed, they would be produced in large quantities at the beginning of the Big Bang.

   Then after the temperature of the universe is lowered to the mass energy scale of the WIMP particles, they rapidly annihilate each other.

  Finally, the remaining part remains until now and becomes dark matter.

  Xu Yun met an old professor in the Academy of Sciences who liked Xianxia novels very much. He also gave WIMP a very Xianxilike nickname:

   Beacon.

   This is also the model with the most researchers and the most topical degree.

   As for supermassive particles? Also known as Godzilla particles, ear root particles.

  It refers to a class of particles with a mass greater than the inflation energy scale of about 10^13GeV.

   The operating mechanism of this thing is not the point, but once it is really discovered, the fun will be great:

  Because this thing can be produced through the "freezein" mechanism of the annihilation of other hot particles, it is a kind of propagator of graviton.

  So the discovery of supermassive particles is almost the discovery of gravitons by buying one and getting one free.

  Because none of these five kinds of particles can be found at present, the industry also calls this phenomenon as five particles.

Of course.

  Besides these five models, the primordial black hole is also a kind of celestial dark matter candidate.

  This kind of black hole is very different from the black hole formed by the collapse of stars. It is not formed by the evolution of astrophysical processes, but directly formed from the density fluctuation of the very early universe.

   Students who have participated in the Big Bang should know it.

  In the very early days of the birth of the universe, cosmic inflation brought the original density disturbance to the universe.

   If the density perturbations in some regions of space-time are large enough.

  Then as the event horizon expands, it will contain enough matter to directly collapse this space-time region into a black hole, which is the so-called primordial black hole.

   Well known.

  The greater the mass of the black hole, the slower the evaporation rate.

   According to the calculation, the primordial black hole with a mass greater than 10^9 tons can still survive to this day after 13.8 billion years of evolution, thus serving as dark matter.

  One of the purposes of future gravitational wave detection experiments in space, such as LISA or my country's Taiji Project, is to search for this kind of black hole.

   Just didn't expect it.

  Dark matter, which the entire scientific community is eagerly looking forward to, was unexpectedly discovered like this?

  This is no less treasure than One Piece.

  Now look back carefully along the timeline.

   There is no definition of static mass, no entity, and no interaction with any particles in the non-ground state.

   Even during ground state processing not too long ago.

  Xu Yun and the others also found that the result of super high-energy photons is not obvious, and the distribution of constant mass is irregular.

  There is also one of the important characteristics of dark matter, the kinetic energy is much smaller than the corresponding static energy.

It can be said like this.

   Except that it has not been determined whether the lonely point particle is left over from 13.8 billion years of evolution.

  All the properties displayed by the isolated point particles before are all the characteristics of dark matter that can no longer be standard!

  Should it be said that the crowd looked for him thousands of times, or should it be said that it was unintentional?

  Think here.

  Xu Yun's mind reappeared in the original formula where the isolated point particle was discovered and the motion track was deduced:

  4D/B2=4(√(D1D2))2/[2D0]2=√(D1D2)/[D0]=(1-η2)≤1

{qjik}K(Z/t)=∑(jik=S)∏(jik=q)(Xi)(ωj)(rk); (j=0,1,2,3...;i=0,1, 2, 3...; k=0, 1, 2, 3...)

{qjik}K(Z/t)=[xaK(Z±S±N±p), xbK(Z±S±N±p),…, xpK(Z±S±N±p),…}∈{ DH}K(Z±S±N±p)

(1-ηf2)(Z±3)=[{K(Z±3)√D}/{R}]K(Z±M±N±3)=∑(ji=3)(ηηb+ηc )K(Z±N±3);

(1-η2)(Z±(N=5)±3): (K(Z±3)√120)K/[(1/3)K(8+5+3)]K(Z±1) ≤1(Z±(N=5)±3);

W(x)=(1-η[xy]2)K(Z±S±N±p)/t{0, 2}K(Z±S±N±p)/t{W(x0)}K (Z±S±N±p)/t

  The original formula can be divided into three parts, or deciphered in stages.

   Among them, the orbit of the lone point particle is only the first third of the deciphering results, and there are two thirds of the remaining two-thirds. Until now Xu Yun has no clue.

It seems.

  The value of the original formula far exceeded Xu Yun's expectations.

  In fact, after the end of the 1850 dungeon, Xu Yun has always had a vague puzzlement in his heart:

  Compared with 1850, the influence of what I did in 1100 should be greater.

   Let alone in history.

  Changed the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, allowing China's territory to expand all the way to Europe, almost conquering the world.

  In terms of science and technology, microscopes and telescopes were invented, which unraveled the prelude to the microscopic field a thousand years in advance.

   But in terms of rewards, the 1100 copy seems to be much inferior to the 1850 copy.

  Although the 1100 copy rewarded a national fortune, the 1850 also rewarded the Yongle Grand Ceremony—this thing is not like the jade seal that needs to go through a specific task to activate, but can be directly dug out and opened to eat.

  So the two are barely equal.

  In addition to the National Games.

  The gravity gradient meter, MR technology, hemostatic gelatin, computing power module, and microbial battery rewarded in the 1850 copy are undoubtedly much more than the technical rewards of the 1100 copy.

   It's just that Xu Yun has never been very clear about the specific judgment logic of the halo, so he can only bury this doubt in his heart.

   Now it seems

  Perhaps the most valuable reward for 1100 copies is not technology, but

  The original formula that is too complicated to understand.

   One-third of it discovered dark matter, so what about the remaining two-thirds?

   At least from a mathematical point of view.

  The difficulty of the latter two thirds is more than ten times higher than that of the first third.

   I'm afraid that is the real treasure

   Gu Buqi, maybe maybe maybe maybe roughly estimated that all the deciphering is completed, and the graviton can really be produced?

Of course.

   These are all Xu Yun's conjectures, without any actual evidence to support them.

  Compared to the original formula.

   What Xu Yun needs to pay attention to at this time is still this solitary point particle.

  If it is said that their previous achievements can be divided into common area and CNS.

   Then the discovery of dark matter

   I'm afraid it's not as simple as a certain main publication.

   "Piercing the sky"

  Note: Ask for a monthly ticket, don't forget to add one thousand tickets

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end