Into Unscientific Chapter 467

  Chapter 467 Odds of one in 42.9 billion

Note:

  Before reading this chapter, it is recommended to read Chapter 216, the part where the world is destroyed.

   At the first row.

  Listen to the words spoken from Wei Teng.

  The scene suddenly fell into a subtle silence.

  Anton Salinger flicked through his stack of reports a few times, pulled out the one with the same number as Witten's, and put it in front of him for a closer look.

  The rest of the people quickly made the same action.

   Another moment passed.

  Anton Salinger put down the document, and made a master-student eye contact with Academician Pan, before speaking to Witten:

   "Mr. Witten, your idea is indeed very innovative, but."

   "With all due respect, there seems to be no charm quarks in physics. No, it should be said that there is no evidence that quarks and gluons will transform"

   Anton Salinger finished.

  Many people, including many participants, nodded at the same time.

   Mentioned earlier.

  The so-called hadrons.

   refers to the particles participating in the strong interaction, including meson Meson and baryon Baryon.

  After the quark model is established.

  The physics community came up with a method called deep inelastic scattering. That is, the DIS method that many people are familiar with to explore the structure of hadrons—the hadrons at that time were mainly protons.

   Simply put, it is to bombard the proton with high-energy electrons, drive the electrons into the interior of the proton, and deduce the internal structure of the proton through the analysis of the final state particles.

  So this experiment is also called electron-proton deep inelastic scattering experiment.

  DIS shows a very important concept:

  Partons in the proton have the property of "asymptotically free".

   Simply put, it is.

  The closer the molecules are, the weaker the strong force is.

  When the molecules are very close to each other, the strong force is extremely weak, so that they can act as free particles.

  This phenomenon is called "asymptotic freedom".

  Conversely, the greater the distance between some molecules, the stronger the strong force.

  In 1973.

Scientists Gross, Politz, and Wilzke across the sea discovered that the non-Abelian gauge group under the SU(3) color gauge group has the property of asymptotic freedom, and thus established a theory describing the strong interaction—that is, the famous Quantum Chromodynamics, and won the Nobel Prize in 2004.

   That's right.

  Gross—is David Gross sitting opposite Xu Yun.

  In QCD there are two basic types of degrees of freedom, or two types of particles:

  One is quark, fermion, spin 1/2, which is the quark in the quark model.

  The other kind is gluon, whose spin is 1, and boson, which is the medium particle that transmits the strong interaction.

   That is, quarks make up the structure, and gluons bind them into hadrons.

  Using a real-world example as an example, quarks are almost bricks, and gluons are cement, and the two are indispensable.

  Among them, quarks have six flavors: up, down, top, bottom, strange, and charming.

  gluons have eight states.

   But the problem is

  Although both are the core substances of the strong nuclear force, there is currently no evidence to prove that there is any connection between the two in conversion.

  That is, quarks are quarks, and gluons are gluons.

   There is no way to complete the transformation by adding a meson, lepton, or whatever.

  Witten, as the top physicist in the world, can even be said to be the number one physicist, it is impossible not to know this.

  Facing Anton Salinger's question, Witten looked very calm at the moment, as if he had already made preparations.

   I saw that he pulled out a document from the report again and handed it to Anton Salinger:

   "Mr. Salinger, please take a look at this."

  Anton Salinger glanced at Witten before taking the file and reading it.

   After a while.

  Anton Salinger suddenly let out a light sigh:

   "Huh, this is the baryon number imbalance? The decay width of the coupled up-type quark field is so narrow?"

   Hear this statement.

  Higgs, opposite Anton Salinger, moved his ears slightly, and couldn't help but say:

   "Mr. Salinger, what's the report number?"

  Anton Salinger glanced at the footer:

   "P292."

   Higgs quickly read the corresponding report.

   Baryon number.

   This is a very core property of baryon, under normal circumstances, the baryon number of baryon is conserved.

  For example, in the β decay of free neutrons, the number of baryons before the reaction is +1, and the number of baryons after the reaction is also +1.

  The conservation of baryon number is caused by the interaction and color confinement, and the hadron collision experiment did not find that the color confinement is destroyed, so there is only one theoretical possibility of baryon number imbalance:

   A new canonical group has been added.

   That's right!

  Students with good memory should remember it.

   It was mentioned in the 35th paragraph of Chapter 463 that the report found by Xu Yun showed that the property framework of particles is an impure gauge theory!

   That is to say

  The color space of quarks is directly combined with the weak isospin space.

  Think here.

   Higgs suddenly realized something, took a short breath, turned to Xu Yun and asked:

   "Dr. Xu, can you please find out the canonical group calculation of the matrix elements calculated before?"

  Xu Yun was a little surprised by Higgs' words, but quickly nodded affirmatively:

"no problem."

   After speaking, he came to his original position, flipped through the pile of documents quickly, and pulled out a somewhat messy manuscript.

   Then he walked to Higgs with the manuscript paper, scratched his head in embarrassment while handing it over, and said:

   "Mr. Higgs, this is the normative group calculation. The process is a bit sloppy. Please bear with me."

  Xu Yun's words are not "self-effacing", this calculation is indeed quite sloppy.

   After all, the previous calculation time was very tight, and the content Xu Yun wrote must be based on simplification. He never thought that Higgs would use this thing.

   Fortunately, Xu Yun's handwriting is still three-dimensional. Although it looks a little messy, it doesn't particularly affect the perception.

   Then Higgs thanked him, took the manuscript paper and read it.

   "24 generators, 8 gluons, 3 weakly interacting bosons, and 1 photon, the standard model occupies 12, so the remaining 12 are newly introduced weak interactions"

"There are 3 vector field bands, each with +4/3 elementary charge, coupling down-type quark field -1/3 and charged lepton field with -1 elementary charge, to realize the mutual transformation between down-type quark and charged lepton "

   "Coupling up-type quarks with +2/3 elemental charge to realize mutual annihilation of up-type quarks."

   “Correspondingly, there are three anti-vector fields, which couple the anti-particles in the above process, and realize their anti-particle reactions.”

  Higgs was doing calculations while watching, and from time to time he took the Witten document to check the parameters.

ten minutes later.

   Higgs looked at the result he had calculated, and looked up at Witten, with a complicated expression:

it is more than words.

   Well known.

  Different from the U(1) gauge field of photons, gluons originate from the color gauge group of SU(3).

   This leads to gluons having self-interactions - like trigluon vertices and so on.

  At the same time, when the quark flavor number is less than 33/2, the β functions in QCD are all greater than 0, thus producing the phenomenon of asymptotic freedom.

in this case.

  Once the quark color space and the weak isospin space are directly summed, a phenomenon may appear:

  Charm quark pairs have a probability of annihilation into gluons (refer to Weinberg's "Dream of the Ultimate Theory" and Grand Unified Theory, of course, it is almost impossible to appear in reality, I ignored the abnormal axis vector flow)

   In other words.

  Whether it is a mathematical matrix or a test result—that is, a physical phenomenon, it is in line with Weiteng's idea at this time.

   Or to be precise.

   This is the only idea that both ends meet.

Of course.

   This has nothing to do with the discovery of a structure smaller than a quark. It belongs to a new quark decay state that is highly suspected of a real hammer.

   Simple quark decays are not uncommon.

  For example, the most typical example is that after the up quark releases a positron and neutrino, it decays into a down quark.

   It's just that what Witten and the others discovered is not the transformation between quarks, but the transformation process between quarks and other fundamental particles.

  Purely from the model point of view, quarks are still the smallest particle in existence.

   Soon after, Nima on the side raised her hand again:

   "Mr. Witten, there is no problem with this idea in mathematics, and it is also supported by the phenomenon, but"

   "The probability of this annihilation success seems to be too low, even lower than 1/13.7 billion of double charmed quark particles, which is simply unimaginable."

  Xu Yun on the side heard this, inexplicably, a strange emotion appeared in his heart, and couldn't help asking:

   "Mr. Nima, what is the probability that a charm quark annihilates into a gluon?"

  Nima glanced at him, then turned her manuscript paper towards him:

   "One part in 85.8 billion, a double charm quark particle can be divided into two pairs of quark pairs, that is, it takes 42.9 billion double charm quarks to pay their "life" before one can be converted into a gluon."

   "If the double charmed quark had life, maybe she would definitely reject this method of sending her to death."

   "After all, if the conversion fails, her ending is that the quark annihilates to generate a photon, and then disappears forever."

   "Not necessarily."

  Xu Yun retorted subconsciously. After recovering, although he felt that it might be a bit rude to say this, he still said:

   "Perhaps the double-charmed quark particle has been prepared before annihilation, and is determined to pay all the price to become a gluon no matter what."

  Nima raised his brows when he heard the words. He is still not so steady compared to other bigwigs in his forties:

   "Oh? This statement is quite interesting, then Dr. Xu, why do you think double charmed quark particles must become gluons?"

  Xu Yun thought for a while and guessed:

   "Perhaps. Maybe the particle she likes is the gluon?"

   "After all, the degrees of freedom of the strong interaction are quarks and gluons. If particles have life, it is not impossible for quarks and gluons to fall in love."

  Looking at Xu Yun with a serious face, Nima opened her mouth, but finally said nothing.

  Although reason tells him that this kind of thing is almost impossible to be true.

   But when he saw the probability he had calculated, he still stopped the thought of refuting.

after all

  This is a phenomenon that will only occur after 42.9 billion collisions.

   Even if it has nothing to do with love, it should still not be ridiculed or denied by words.

  Xu Yun's words made the atmosphere of the scene a little depressed, but soon, Wei Teng spoke again:

   "Okay, everyone, all in all, we have now successfully deciphered the reason why these two particles maintain such a posture."

   "Whether those two particles are related to love or not, it's something to celebrate, isn't it?"

  The crowd came back to their senses and applauded one after another.

   As Witten said.

  As this mechanism is proven, the 'state' of these two particles becomes clear:

  Double charmed quark is divided into two, and the properties of the two particles are the same. According to the principle of quantum chromodynamics, they should repel each other.

  But the strengthened gluon forms a more stable and powerful chain, which firmly imprisons the two particles together, as if holding hands with each other, and no one is separated.

   No wonder Xu Yun said it was love.

all in all.

   After solving this problem.

  The next link. Or the only remaining link is.

  How to analyze the specific structure of particles?

   is a diquark particle?

   Or triquarks?

   Or tetraquarks, pentaquarks?

  This kind of judgment is not difficult, after all, all the necessary parameters are already available.

  Although the current knowledge of quarks in the physical world is still relatively limited, it is relatively easy to determine the composition of a particle.

   Right now, after determining the 'state' of the two particles.

   As long as a gluon field and other parameters are introduced, the specific structure of the particle can be analyzed.

   However, after a few minutes of calculation.

   Wei Teng's pupils shrank suddenly, and his eyes fixed on the manuscript paper in his hand:

   "This is"

Note:

  The PCT index is a bit high, the doctor won't let me go home at night to code words, the update in these two days is estimated to be only 4000 to ensure full attendance, it's difficult, and don't mention the suggestion of asking for leave, I remember explaining the reason before

  The conference ends within two chapters.

  (end of this chapter)

Chapter end